At the turn of the century, in Britain, blended Scotches were the cause of much controversy when single malt Scotch producers sued certain retailers of blended Scotch for selling an article not of the nature and substance demanded. Blended Scotch, they said, was a silent spirit, whereas a pure malt went down singing hymns. The Distillers Company (a group of blended Scotch producers) fought back, claiming that because single malts contained many more impurities (flavor-giving congeners) than blends, theirs was the purer spirit. Around the turn of the century, most saloons were unruly places that served liquor, wine, and beer to almost anyone--young or old, sober or drunk, morning, noon, or night. Heres what was happening to the brand names at this time: Of Hymns To Be Sung and Axes To Be Wielded. Was this a blended whiskey? (This time period remained in effect until the Forand Act of 1958 increased it to 20 years.) Even by 1939 when Charles H. Baker Jr.s excellent book, The Gentlemans Companion, was published, the author noted that vodka was unnecessary to medium or small bars.. J. W. Dant (Yellowstone and J. W. Dant Bourbons) set up his still (the famous log) in 1836. (We wouldnt, however, see the very last of the pot still until Prohibition, and one die-hard distillery in Pennsylvania was using a pot still for a secondary distillation in the late 1980s.). By the early 1940s, however, the distillers had managed to age sufficient quantities of straight whiskey to have an appreciable amount of good, aged bourbon and rye back on the shelves. . Federal and local investigations into the Trust (which changed its name to the Distilling and Cattle Feeding Company in 1890), finally forced the company into receivership in 1895. Along with the rest of the country, the whiskey industry braced itself for more setbacks. In February, 1933, he conducted what Time magazine described as, a pathetic one-man filibuster against Repeal. His oration lasted over eight hours, but nonetheless the following day the Senate voted to take up the Repeal resolution by 58 votes to 23. According to Gerald Carson in his book, The Social History of Bourbon, since the Northern soldiers had more money than their adversaries, they could buy more whiskey. Fact is that the distillers needed to store their whiskey in tight or leakproof barrels, and at that time, tight barrels were used to store just about everything from water to molasses to linseed oil to tar. Its important to remember that the Industrial Revolution in the U.S. was well on its way at this point. For those who insist on having a name, we say James Crow invented bourbon sometime between 1823 and, say, 1845. Did They Have Whiskey In The 1800S? Some depicted Benjamin Franklin, George Washington, Grover Cleveland, and Carry Nation, while others pictured tableaux, such as a jockey on horseback or a Continental soldier. In 1867, she married a physician and alcoholic, Dr. Charles Gloyd, and was widowed when her husband, despite her remonstrations to the contrary, reaped the rewards of drinking too much. And Grant was returned to office in 1872. This shape is used, primarily, so that the bands that hold the barrel together can be tightened around the wider mid-section of the barrel, thus pushing the staves closer together and forming a watertight--or whiskeytight--seal. And though Schenley tried to make that point very clear by printing on the label Its ALL WhiskeyNo Alcohol or Spirits Added, the result was the wrath of blended whiskey producers who said that the words were a put-down of their products. Also in that same year, Bourbon County was created from a large chunk of what was previously Virginias Fayette County, and around this time, when Spain permitted it (they still had control of the Mississippi), Kentucky whiskey first started being shipped down river to thirsty people in St. Louis and New Orleans. Rye, another European grain, was a hardy crop that took root and fared well almost immediately in the middle colonies, and since the Europeans were accustomed to working with rye grain, they turned to it as the next best thing to barley. Therefore, strong drink is a luxury that takes food from the mouths of all people. The Pepper family was one of the few Kentucky distillers who could afford the taxes that spurred the Whiskey Rebellion. For many proponents of temperance, however, the word meant moderation, not complete abstention. Tennessee enforced statewide Prohibition in 1910. We might as well ask who was the first person to bake bread. Most of what there was had been distilled just the previous year or so during the distilling holidays allowed by the government once Repeal was in sight. However, those nineteenth-century temperance movements had been gaining momentum, and the whiskey industry was about to confront its most formidable enemy. After taking office in 1869, the politics of Reconstruction plagued him, and his administration was beset by scandal after scandal. By 1790, George Washington had been inaugurated in New York City, the new countrys temporary capital, and after the long years of fighting the Revolutionary War, it was time to set up business. Prohibition finally ended at 5:32 P.M., Eastern Standard Time, on December 5, 1933. In order to put people to work, Roosevelt proposed a New Deal for the country. They made wines from elderberries, parsnips, pumpkins, and the like--if it fermented, they turned it into some form of beverage alcohol or other. One embarrassment was Jay Gould and James Fisks 1869 attempt to corner the gold market. The Leagues 1910 yearbook contains a declaration signed by their fearless General Superintendent, Reverend Purley A. Baker, D.D. Within four years he was selling whiskey. In Europe, the first temperance organization had come into being in Ireland in 1818 (later known as the Ulster Temperance Society), and similar organizations sprung up in Scotland, England, Norway, and Sweden in the first half of the nineteenth century. Back in 1850, both Old Pepper and Old Crow whiskeys were made at the same distillery. We are tremendously proud to release the first known Bottled in Bond Bourbon produced in Maryland since prohibition on March 4th, 2023 at the distillery. Hard drinks were not sold in "shots". A bottle exists today, produced in 1848, that bears the word bourbon and the distillers name, M. Bininger and Company of New York. Maybe as a matter of routine, distillers who invested in used cooperage would set fire to the interior of the barrel to rid it of any lingering odors or dirt, and once again, at some point, charred barrels were recognized as having a good effect on whiskey. In New York, when a law was passed that made it illegal to sell drinks on Sunday except when they were accompanied by a meal, many hotels took to placing a sandwich on each table. In December of that year the Distilled Spirits Institute (DSI) was formed in the New York offices of the Schenley Products Company. To have lived during this period must have been similar to people who were born in the 1930s; one minute you get your first telephone installed, and before you know it, you are accessing information from libraries in Budapest. Carson does mention, however, that the log stills were used only for a primary distillation, and the spirit would then be redistilled in a pot still. Whatever his product actually was, however, was strong enough to get a whole bunch of native Americans so drunk that they scalped and killed him in 1622. As the U.S. population grew and the 1800's progressed, we see a steady rise in the consumption of American distilled spirits. In the mid-1700s, New England rum sold for around three shillings (0.15) per gallon and was actually used in lieu of currency in what was known as the triangle trade with Africa and the West Indies. Heres a list of the whiskey distillers still left in the game after Prohibition ended: On May 29, 1933, Franklin Roosevelt declared a national emergency that had been brought about by a series of events that culminated in the stock market crash of 1929 and the massive unemployment that followed. Stitzel, Glenmore, Schenley, Brown-Forman, National Distillers, and Frankfort Distilleries--and these companies were allowed to store whiskey and sell it to licensed druggists, who in turn, could mete it out to customers who had a doctors prescription. The company had $100,000 in capital and bought 100 acres of Louisville land where they built a huge distillery. Simply because it packed more alcohol into a small quantity of liquid than wine or beer, and it was, therefore, easier to transport and hide from the authorities. He made whiskey using corn as the predominant grain, he insisted on aging it in charred casks, and he used a sour-mash starter. For some reason, everyone seems to want to know the name of the very first person to make bourbon. The bar opened in 1897 and closed its doors when Prohibition was enacted. Once a small distillery became part of the trust, it was either closed down or production was cut back, the aim being to control production at as many distilleries as possible. However, many of the residents of these states sided with the Confederate cause--states rights. Think about this: Early farmers, from time to time, must have had a bumper crop of grains. July 23, 1803: Robert Emmet (1778-1803) foments a rebellion in Ireland, in an unsuccessful attempt to secure its independence from Great Britain. During the same period of time, names of other whiskey distillers crop up, and many of them have faded into obscurity. The first thing you need to know is that this place only offers Tennessee rye whiskey drinks, all are 80 proof, hence the name, and are infused with real ingredients for additional flavor. It wasnt politically correct, it wasnt good for the body, and it was no longer a laughing matter. The straight wooden staves that are used to form a barrel must be heated in order to bend the wood into the familiar barrel shape. The Brown family (Old Forester Bourbon) settled in Kentucky in 1792. And at times, the reverse is true--whiskey has affected the nation itself. Schenley changed the wording on the label to Whiskey--A Blend--All Straight Whiskeys, but it was too late--the brand died. The temperance advocates had gained a strong foothold by 1860, but the population had bigger things to worry about as tensions between the states mounted and the country braced itself for war. They had the right idea, and if they just could have waited another 50 years or so, they might have made a fortune. The below information has been republished with permission of the authors, Gary Regan and Mardee Haidin Regan. No--it didnt contain neutral spirits or added flavorings or colorings. Yes, all sorts of deals were going on throughout this period--distilleries without a medicine license were selling their stocks to those who did, others maintained warehouses where those with licenses could store their whiskey under government supervision, and an unofficial cartel sent Owsley Brown of Brown-Forman to Europe to try to sell over 20,000 barrels of bourbon--a mission that was only partially successful. A good number of bars were no more than dens of iniquity where one could buy drugs, consort with prostitutes, hire strong-armed boys to do a little dirty work, or bribe voters with a few shots of whiskey. In fact, its very unlikely that anyone with the equipment and knowledge required to make whiskey would produce only enough for himself and his family. After the companys 1934 fiscal year didnt turn out to be as profitable as predicted, its president, Owsley Brown, did the honorable thing and offered half of his stock to his disappointed investors in lieu of a dividend. In that year, after further reducing the taxes but still not getting cooperation from the Pennsylvanians, George Washington, for the first time in the history of the United States, rallied federal troops to quell the uprising. This all began back in 2018 when Jack Daniel's started building six of new barrel houses in the area, with plans to build . Jack Daniels No. Another liquor was far easier and much less expensive to produce, and it was about to become one of the first industries in America. A similar trust of that time was the Kentucky Distilleries and Warehouse Company (KDWC), formed in 1899. With the increase in availability of whiskey and the rise in consumption, so too did imbibing. Was it a specific person on a specific date? *motlow died in 1947. They had no ruling monarch to worry about, could practice whatever religion they darned well pleased, and didnt have to pay any excise taxes, but that wasnt going to last too long--the nation had some debts that needed to be paid. As consumers we are lucky that so many good straight American whiskeys are still left in the marketplace. When they arrived, they needed whiskey, and distillers rushed to meet the demand. However, we are still left with that nagging question of the sour-mash process. 10. Crockett also mentions a tradition of this era that was never properly re-established after Prohibition ended--the free lunch table. was the most consumed alcoholic liquor. They had found that by using only the center cut of their distillate, and returning the end of the run back to the still for redistillation (a method still practiced today), they could remove unwanted bitter flavors from their whiskey. And whereas Grant had originally claimed to have been grievously betrayed by McDonald, he now said that McDonald was a reliable friend, and cited McDonalds friendship with Babcock as good enough reason to believe him innocent of the charges. In 1816, a company, registered in New England, incorporated in Kentucky under the name of the Hope Distilling Company; it was a very big venture--many years before its time. The Ripy brothers opened a distillery in 1905 that would later be known as the Wild Turkey Distillery. Smart marketing has been around for millennia--what could be better than declaring a good Christian as the inventor of bourbon when the distillers had to argue against forces that quoted the Bible to further their cause? By that time, the 95/5 rye whiskey inside of those 20 barrels reached 18 years old. And since around 13,000 men turned out to do battle, Washingtons authority was firmly established. Over 65 million gallons of the hard stuff was consumed by Americans. The steam would, in time, heat the mash and vaporize the alcohol. No one knows the answer. Here, in very simple terms, is how the scam worked: Sometime around 1870, government agents, charged with keeping an eye on how much whiskey was being made, arranged to ignore a certain percentage of the distillate in return for cash in the amount of roughly half the money the distillery would have paid in taxes. (And we are willing to bet that if you had to choose between a one-year-old straight whiskey and a well-made blended whiskey, you, too, would pick the latter.). The origin of pulque is unknown, but because it has a major . By his accounts, this bar was indeed one worth frequenting. In the late 1800s, Irish whiskey distilleries began to add an 'e' to the spelling of "whisky" to distinguish themselves from their competitors making scotch, and Jameson Irish Whiskey was certainly one to follow suit. I. W. Harper Bourbon won a gold medal at the Exposition Universal, in Paris, France, in 1900 and another at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in 1904. At one point in 1791, a mob of over 5,000 men advanced on Pittsburgh threatening to burn down the whole city, but they were met by town officials who managed to dissuade them from their mission by promising to banish certain officials and plying the mob with food and, of course, whiskey. In fact, although pot stills were used by most of the legitimate distillers, some poorer folk were still running it on the log. This was a backwoods method of distillation that seems rather convoluted--but it worked. During the first decades of the new century, science began to play a part in the manufacture of whiskey--due to a large extent to James Crows sour-mash methods. By 1900, many of the smaller temperance societies had either given their support to or had become part of the Anti-Saloon League, founded in 1893. Greed, of course, was the motivating factor in all these shenanigans, and what the Whiskey Trust didnt count on was that some of the smaller distilleries within the trust would make as much whiskey as they desired, and simply lie about their production figures. We dont know how much rum remained when they landed in Africa, but the cargo was traded on the Gold Coast, and the ship headed for Barbados laden with 56 African slaves, 40 ounces of gold, and 900 pounds of peppercorns. When Grant was elected U.S. president in 1868, the whole countrys relief was palpable. Just as their counterparts in Scotland had done, the American producers of blended whiskeys argued that their products were purer than straight whiskeys since they contained fewer impurities. Pulque, or octli is an alcoholic beverage made from the fermented juice of the maguey, and is a traditional native beverage of Mesoamerica. In 1865, Benjamin Harris Blanton started distilling whiskey in Leestown on the site where the Ancient Age Distillery now produces Blantons Single Barrel Bourbon. So here we have a perfect place to make whiskey--the cultivation of corn was encouraged and therefore became the predominant grain, the water was perfect for distillation, and the settlers had plenty of wood from which to make barrels. By 1786, the whiskey we now call bourbon was known as Kentucky or Western whiskey--just so people could distinguish it from Pennsylvania, Monongahela, or Maryland rye whiskey. appearing to be friends of the law and just to round out his argument, Washington claimed that many persons in the said western parts of Pennsylvania have at length been hardy enough to perpetrate acts which I am advised amount to treason. However, several historians hypothesize that one of the goals behind Washingtons rallying federal troops to quash the Whiskey Rebellion, was to see whether or not the troops would muster. Bootleggers colored their white lightning with ingredients such as iodine and tobacco to make it look as though it had been in the wood for a few years. With the advent of the glassmakers hinged mold, came incised molds that could act as labels to display the distillers name, address, brand name, or another designation. It was partially due to these efforts that Prohibition would be repealed some 13 years later. They settled in western Pennsylvania, western Maryland, western Virginia, and the western parts of North and South Carolina. The whiskeys--and the people who make them--have won a place in our hearts. The other two formulas use less straight whiskey but add flavorings such as tinctures of cloves and allspice. The Louisiana Purchase of 1803 added Missouri, Arkansas, and parts of Louisiana to the U.S., as well as a huge expanse of land that would eventually become Iowa, North and South Dakota, Nebraska, Oklahoma, most of Kansas, and parts of Montana, Wyoming, Minnesota, and Colorado. Undeterred, they turned their talents to fermenting other fruits--and even vegetables. Advertisements in magazines and newspapers of the time gave consumers the chance not only to buy whiskey at reduced rates, but also to receive special offers, such as an elegant gold-filled watch sent free to all who influence ten new customers to each order one gallon or more of our goods. If you had only four friends, you could receive the most beautiful set of Limoges China Dishes you ever saw for persuading each of them to order a gallon of spirits from the Security Distilling Company of Chicago. A series of cryptic telegrams in the Treasury Departments possession tied Babcock to the affair. No, not really, it turns out she was more a *sexual dalliance in the White House than an anonymous inside source, and that it was Babcock who wired the warning and added the odd signature. Now and then one is caught, that must happen pro forma and then he must do time or, if he is wealthy enough, get someone to do time for him. Were charred barrels being used before that date? There is no doubt that liquor was being abused, and one fellow, George Garvin Brown, creator of the Old Forester brand and a founder member of the Wine and Spirits Association (W S A), did take steps to counter the prohibition movement. Basil Hayden (Old Grand-Dad Bourbon) settled in Kentucky in either 1785 or 1796, depending on the source. Wine is aged in toasted barrels, and indeed bourbon casks are toasted before they are charred. The choice was simple: Let it mold and rot, or change its form as the ancient alchemists did and produce the water of life. (The word whisky is derived from the Gaelic word uisgebaugh, [WEEZ-ga-bochh] meaning water of life. If you say the word quickly enough--or with a substantial quantity of whiskey in your system--it becomes, with a little shortening, WEEZ-ga, a word that was Anglicized to become whisky.), Distilling grain gives farmers two distinct avenues for profit-making: The distillate, by virtue of having a high concentration of alcohol, can be stored almost indefinitely, and liquor is relatively easy to transport--much easier than huge sheaves of corn or rye. Glenmore Distilleries (Kentucky Tavern, among others) survived Prohibition well and went on to become major producers and importers of a number of liquors and liqueurs. Fittingly, some exact dates were forgotten (whiskey was involved, after all), but this timeline will help you grasp the basics and understand its origin; who played key roles in the history of distilling, how whiskey came to be, how it evolved to be the whiskey / bourbon / rye . The theory that whiskey improved with age was proved once a whiskey-maker tasted his product after its journey downriver to New Orleans. In his book, Nothing Better In The Market, John Ed Pearce says that only 10 such medicinal whiskey permits were applied for, and although the reasons for such a small number arent quite clear, it was possible that most people in the industry simply thought the permits not worth the bother. For some of them, this meant traveling a couple of hundred miles through dangerous country where native Americans were wont to attack, and it also meant leaving their farms for relatively long periods when there was work to be done--and whiskey to be made. Due to his incompetency and the number of other scandals within his administration, by the end of 1874 Grant was not a popular man. The father of our country really knew how to look after his children; he actually suggested that public distilleries be constructed throughout the states citing that, The benefits arising from the moderate use of strong liquor have been experienced in all armies and are not to be disputed.. This version is Barrel 2 and bottled at 97 Proof. Six distilleries were given permits to sell medicinal whiskey during Prohibition--A. Ph. Luckily for the distillers, the FACA was controlled by Joseph Choate, a man who had been against Prohibition from the outset and who said that he intended to use as little external control as possible. FACA became the Federal Alcohol Administration in 1935, and the following year it issued updated classifications on all liquors. By 1945, Americans were consuming about three times as much rum as they had in 1941. Jacob Beam (Jim Beam Bourbon) came to Kentucky in 1785 and reportedly built his first distillery three years later. Once again, it would be the men with deep pockets who could afford to cope with the new regulations that came with Repeal. There were few regulations about how the stuff should be made. The first settlers imported some alcohol too--wines, brandy, and fortified wines such as Madeira, sack, and Canary. But they really wanted to become as self-sufficient as possible, and although imported wines and liquors have always held that if it comes from France, it must be good image, the self-sufficient Pilgrims and those who followed them soon started to make all kinds of drinks from the abundant native ingredients. They were not, however, the only group of immigrants to have a major impact on the whiskey industry, the Germans who settled in Pennsylvania and became known as the Pennsylvanian Dutch were also well versed with the alembic, and by 1775, there were just as many Germans here as Scots-Irish. Now he can instead buy his own car, and ride off for a weekend or a few days with his wife and children in the country or at the sea. Raise a glass to the pioneers and heroes of the American whiskey industry: Jacob Beam, I. W. Bernheim, Colonel Blanton, Wattie Boone, A. Smith Bowman, George Garvin Brown, the Chapeze brothers, James Crow, Jack Daniel, J. W. Dant, George Dickel, Basil Hayden, Paul Jones, Henry McKenna, Tom Moore, Elijah Pepper, T. B. Ripy, Robert Samuels, the Shapira brothers, E. H. Taylor, Pappy Van Winkle, W. L. Weller, and Evan Williams. The country drank and drank, hardly knowing what was in the glass, everyone was out to achieve the high of all highs, and no one cared much how they did it. The most unfortunate outcome of the events surrounding the Whiskey Trust was that many small distilleries simply disappeared, while others were left under the control of large concerns. And then theres the sour-mash component. And then came the whiskey scandal. Another bone of contention on the Craig theory is the fact that since Craig never actually lived in Bourbon County (he was based slightly to the west of the county border), some people claim that this discredits him completely from ever having made a whiskey known as bourbon. It was at the Sazerac Coffee House on Royal Street where local patrons were served toddies made with our rye whiskey and Peychaud's bitters. According to Gerald Carson in his book, The Social History of Bourbon, one such tax collector, who had employed the services of a dozen soldiers to guard his house, had it burned to the ground nonetheless. Whiskey was most often called "firewater" in the Wild West. Also in December, 1933, President Roosevelt formed the Federal Alcohol Control Administration, an agency charged with establishing codes--separate ones for liquor, beer, and wine--to which any company in the beverage alcohol business was legally compelled to adhere. 7 whiskey won a gold medal at the Louisiana Purchase Exhibition of the 1904 Worlds Fair in St. Louis, and the brand would soon be marketed overseas. Laird settled in Monmouth County, New Jersey, in 1698 and set about applying his knowledge of distillation to apples rather than barley malt. Meanwhile, across the Atlantic, the storm that would become World War II was brewing. 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