The Punic Wars and Expansion. His work was continued by his son-in-law Hasdrubal and his son Hannibal, who was placed at the head of the army in 221. Punic Wars: There was three wars called the Punic Wars were Rome Fought with the Carthage. By 214 BC the bulk of southern Italy had turned against Rome, although there were many exceptions. These wars were fought on three frontiers. [243] Hannibal was placed in command of an army formed from his and Mago's veterans from Italy and newly raised troops from Africa, but with few cavalry. Raising fresh troops to replace these delayed the army's departure for Iberia until September. Roman families prayed around shrines at home each day. Though its invasion of North Africa that same year ended in defeat, Rome refused to give up, and in 241 B.C. Carthage was also to pay Rome a war debt of 200 talents every year for fifty years. The First Punic War: 264-241 BCE; The Second Punic War: 218-201 BCE; The Third Punic War: 149-146 BCE. How did the Punic Wars affect the development of the Roman Republic? We would much rather spend this money on producing more free history content for the world. [231] In 203BC Carthage succeeded in recruiting at least 4,000 mercenaries from Iberia, despite Rome's nominal control. The only noteworthy feature of the ensuing campaigns is the skillful guerrilla war waged by a new Carthaginian commander, Hamilcar Barca, from his strong positions on Mt. Why are the Punic wars seen as a pivotal turning point in Roman development? The unresolved strategic rivalry between Rome and Carthage caused the Second Punic War to break out in 218 BC, sparking a major but ultimately unsuccessful revolt within the Carthaginian Empire. The triumvirate took control of the government. Hannibal knew nothing of his brother's whereabouts until Hasdrubal's severed head was thrown into his camp. [121] This new fleet effectively blockaded the Carthaginian garrisons. [132][133], By early 237BC, after numerous setbacks, the rebels were defeated and their cities brought back under Carthaginian rule. [85] In 258BC a Roman fleet defeated a smaller Carthaginian fleet at the battle of Sulci off the western coast of Sardinia. [245], The new peace treaty dictated by Rome stripped Carthage of all of its overseas territories and some of its African ones; an indemnity of 10,000 silver talents[note 15] was to be paid over 50 years; hostages were to be taken; Carthage was forbidden to possess war elephants and its fleet was restricted to 10 warships; it was prohibited from waging war outside Africa and in Africa only with Rome's express permission. Eventually, a herder found the boys and took them home. The Romans fought for the Mamertines of Messina and, in 264 BCE, Rome and Carthage declared war on each other for the control of Sicily. The Romans fought against the city of Carthage which then ended in their destruction. Hannibal then proceeded to win every single engagement against the Romans, conquering northern Italy and gathering former allies of Rome to his side. to prevent one person from having too much power. [151], In 219BC a Carthaginian army under Hannibal besieged, captured and sacked Saguntum[note 12][140][152] and in spring 218BC Rome declared war on Carthage. [220] After the second of these Syphax was pursued and taken prisoner by Masinissa at the battle of Cirta; Masinissa then seized most of Syphax's kingdom with Roman help. The end of the Punic Wars and Romes replacement of Carthage as the dominant force in the Western Mediterranean, a position it would hold for the following several centuries, were symbolized by the victory and subsequent destruction of the city of Carthage. In 203 B.C., Hannibals troops were forced to abandon the struggle in Italy in order to defend North Africa, and the following year Scipio Africanus and his troops routed the Carthaginians in the Battle of Zama. Rome, which before the war had never fought outside of Italy, now controlled a wealthy overseas territoryits first of many. [100] The Carthaginians attacked and recaptured Akragas in 255BC, but not believing they could hold the city they razed and abandoned it. The three Punic Wars between . Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). This ultimately led to the establishment of Roman Empire. The first concerned control of Sicily and of the sea lanes in the western Mediterranean; it ended with Rome victorious but with great loss of ships and men on both sides. World History Encyclopedia. read more, Beginning in the eighth century B.C., Ancient Rome grew from a small town on central Italys Tiber River into an empire that at its peak encompassed most of continental Europe, Britain, much of western Asia, northern Africa and the Mediterranean islands. As they were far more used to fighting land battles, they devised the clever device of the corvus, a moveable gangplank, which could be attached to an enemy's ship and held in place with hooks. Which natural feature is the closest to the city of Rome? Did you know? This one originated due to the hatred between the Romans and Carthaginians, as well as the resurgence of Carthage's army. What were the main effects of the Punic Wars? 1 In fact, the Carthaginian's activities in the Second Punic War made such a lasting impression on history that the conflict was branded 'Hannibal's War'. . Many senior Carthaginians wanted to reject it, but Hannibal spoke strongly in its favour and it was accepted in spring 201BC. Most of the conflict took place on the island of Sicily, or in the waters surrounding Sicily. [50][51] When armies were campaigning, surprise attacks, ambushes and stratagems were common. Updates? In 255, under Xanthippus command, they offered battle to Regulus, who had taken up position with an inadequate force near Tunis, outmaneuvered him, and destroyed the bulk of his army. ), These elephants were typically about 2.5m (8ft 2in) high at the shoulder and should not be confused with the larger. The three Punic Wars between Carthage and Rome took place over nearly a century, beginning in 264 B.C. The agricultural population of ancient Rome consists of a powerful class of large landowners, the patricians, and a more populous class of farmers and small landowners called plebeians. |-|-|-|-| [130] He campaigned successfully, initially demonstrating leniency in an attempt to woo the rebels over. A Roman relief force broke through the siege, but was then ambushed and besieged itself. How did the Servian Wall contribute to the development of Rome? [267] Hasdrubal had Roman prisoners tortured to death on the walls, in view of the Roman army. Third Punic War (149-146 B.C.) [53][54] Forming up in battle order was a complicated and premeditated affair, which took several hours. A cavalry force of 4,000 from the other Roman army was also engaged and wiped out. Omissions? Under what condition were Roman women allowed to run businesses? Yale University. The infantry from these areas were unarmoured troops who would charge ferociously, but had a reputation for breaking off if a combat was protracted. - The Punic Wars were the reason Rome . [147][148] Hamilcar ruled as a viceroy and was succeeded by his son-in-law, Hasdrubal, in the early 220sBC and then his son, Hannibal, in 221BC. The first Punic war began with a dispute of . He established conditions for future expansion. The Punic Wars: (264-241, 218-202, 149-146 B.C.). The region provided several types of fighters, including: close order infantry equipped with large shields, helmets, short swords and long thrusting spears; javelin-armed light infantry skirmishers; close order shock cavalry[note 6] (also known as "heavy cavalry") carrying spears; and light cavalry skirmishers who threw javelins from a distance and avoided close combat; the latter were usually Numidians. The Romans retreated to their coastal stronghold north of the Ebro, from which the Carthaginians again failed to expel them. [273] The next morning the Romans started systematically working their way through the residential part of the city, killing everyone they encountered and firing the buildings behind them. [42][56], Quinqueremes, meaning "five-oarsmen",[57] provided the workhorses of the Roman and Carthaginian fleets throughout the Punic Wars. [40][41] The close order African infantry and the citizen-militia both fought in a tightly-packed formation known as a phalanx. [120], The Romans rebuilt their fleet again in 243BC after the Senate approached Rome's wealthiest citizens for loans to finance the construction of one ship each, repayable from the reparations to be imposed on Carthage once the war was won. Which statement best describes a challenge in the Roman economy? As a result of these three wars, Carthage was destroyed, its people were sold into slavery, and Rome gained control of the western Mediterranean. For the full article, see, The interval between the First and Second Punic Wars (241218, https://www.britannica.com/summary/Punic-Wars, The western Mediterranean during the Punic Wars. [200][202], Meanwhile, the Romans took drastic steps to raise new legions: enrolling slaves, criminals and those who did not meet the usual property qualification. Land operations were largely confined to raids, sieges and interdiction; in 23 years of war on Sicily there were only two full-scale pitched battles. Mark, Joshua J.. "Punic Wars." Mark has lived in Greece and Germany and traveled through Egypt. During the long 23 years of conflict, Rome lost over 600 ships, Carthage at least 500. This sealed the fate of the Carthaginians in Iberia. Carthage was compelled to give up its fleet and pay a significant indemnity to Rome in silver as a result of Hannibals defeats in the Second Punic War, effectively ending Carthages empire in the western Mediterranean and giving Rome control over Spain.What effect did the Punic wars have on small Roman farmers?By the end of the Second Punic War, much of the land had been destroyed; small farmers could not afford to restore the land; Patricians and wealthy businesspeople bought small farms and combined them to make latifundias. By a magnificent effort on the part of private citizens a fleet of 200 warships was equipped and sent out to renew the blockade of Lilybaeum. How did the Roman Republic become a dictatorship? [58] So ubiquitous was the type that Polybius uses it as a shorthand for "warship" in general. Were the Punic Wars good or bad for Rome? 1,200 talents was approximately 30,000kg (30 long tons) of silver. The nearly 20-year conflict pitted Rome against Carthage and became a turning point in Roman history. The Carthaginian senate refused to comply and so began the Second Punic War. [42][52] More formal battles were usually preceded by the two armies camping twotwelve kilometres (17 miles) apart for days or weeks; sometimes both forming up in battle order each day. When an epidemic spreads beyond a countrys borders, thats when the disease officially becomes a pandemic. At the Battle of Cannae in 216 BCE, Hannibal placed his Gauls in the center of his lines, expecting they would give way before the Roman forces. See also why doesn't earth fall into the sun [212], A large Carthaginian army led by Himilco was sent to relieve the city in 213BC. The First Punic War (264-241 BC) was the first of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage, the two main powers of the western Mediterranean in the early 3rd century BC. Hannibal's father, a Carthaginian general, made his son swear everlasting hostility to Rome. The Mercenary War lasted from 241-237 BCE and, while Carthage was engaged in this conflict, Rome occupied the Carthaginian colonies of Sardinia and Corsica. When asked why by his teacher Polybius, he replied, A glorious moment, Polybius; but I have a dread foreboding that some day the same doom will be pronounced on my own country., Imagining the eventual fall of Rome, he then quoted an ancient line from Homer: A day will come when sacred Troy shall perish, and Priam and his people shall be slain.. Carthage and its HarbourThe Creative Assembly (Copyright). One of those disinherited was the Numidian prince Masinissa, who was thus driven into the arms of Rome. [229][230] Scipio seized a vast booty of gold, silver and siege artillery, but released the captured population. Meanwhile, the Carthaginian army was crippled by plague. This war would rage on for over twenty years and feature some of the most significant naval battles of the ancient world. In A.D. 80, Vespasians son Titus opened the Colosseumofficially known as read more, The Roman politician and general Mark Antony (8330 B.C. [68][69][70], Much of the First Punic War was fought on, or in the waters near, Sicily. [198][199], When the port city of Locri defected to Carthage in the summer of 215BC it was immediately used to reinforce the Carthaginian forces in Italy with soldiers, supplies and war elephants. As long as Rome remained the little city of trade by the Tiber River, Carthage reigned supreme; but the island of Sicily would be the flashpoint for growing Roman resentment of the Carthaginians. The two earlier Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage, 264-241 BCE and 218-201 BCE, could equally well be seen as the inevitable result of two major powers coming into direct contact with one another, each fearing the other. If you were the subject of the flyer given, how would you feel? [137] Polybius considered this "contrary to all justice" and modern historians have variously described the Romans' behaviour as "unprovoked aggression and treaty-breaking",[135] "shamelessly opportunistic"[138] and an "unscrupulous act". He created jobs in overseas Roman colonies for those in poverty. By the time the First Punic War broke out, Rome had become the dominant power throughout the Italian peninsula, while Carthage-a powerful city- Scipio allowed Carthage to retain her colonies in Africa but she had to surrender her navy and was not allowed to make war under any circumstances without Rome's approval. Rome also established itself as the naval powerhouse in the Mediterranean Sea.What was the long term economic effect of the Punic wars on Rome?Roman resources were depleted as a result of the loss of territory during the Punic Wars.What were the main effects of the Punic Wars?Punic Wars, also known as Carthaginian Wars, occurred between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire from 264 to 146 bce. [213], Carthage sent more reinforcements to Sicily in 211BC and went on the offensive. And after the war ended, many veterans from farming families preferred settling in cities, especially Rome, rather than return to the countryside. [276][277], The remaining Carthaginian territories were annexed by Rome and reconstituted to become the Roman province of Africa with Utica as its capital. The Punic Wars were a series of wars between 264 and 146BC fought between Rome and Carthage. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. The first war broke out after a group of mercenaries seized control of Messana [250] Scipio was awarded a triumph and received the agnomen "Africanus". Sources other than Polybius are discussed by Bernard Mineo in "Principal Literary Sources for the Punic Wars (apart from Polybius)". For only $5 per month you can become a member and support our mission to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. [95][96][97] It is possible that the presence of the corvus, making the Roman ships unusually unseaworthy, contributed to this disaster; there is no record of them being used again. Carthage's new allies felt little sense of community with Carthage, or even with each other. [225] This strategy resulted in two separate battles in 211BC, usually referred to jointly as the battle of the Upper Baetis. [2][8][11], The account of the Roman historian Livy is commonly used by modern historians where Polybius's account is not extant. For each word in the chart, identify a synonym - a word with the same denotation. Underline the antecedent. Punic Wars, also called Carthaginian Wars, (264-146 bce), a series of three wars between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire, resulting in the destruction of Carthage, the enslavement of its population, and Roman hegemony over the western Mediterranean. [239] After landing in Africa in 204BC, he was joined by Masinissa and a force of Numidian cavalry. [269], Scipio moved back to a close blockade of the city and built a mole which cut off supply from the sea. [185][186] The Roman Senate authorised the raising of a force of 86,000 men, the largest in Roman history to that point. Traditionally, when at war the Romans would raise two legions, each of 4,200 infantry[note 4] and 300 cavalry. Dahia Ibo Shabaka, Larry S. Krieger, Linda Black, Phillip C. Naylor, Roger B. Beck, Deborah Gray White, Edward L. Ayers, Jess F. de la Teja, Robert D. Schulzinger. At some point also Rome entered into relations with Saguntum (Sagunto), a town on the east coast, south of the Ebro. [244] Hannibal attempted to use 80 elephants to break into the Roman infantry formation, but the Romans countered them effectively and they routed back through the Carthaginian ranks. [103] The next year they lost another 150 ships to a storm. [175][181], The Romans, panicked by these heavy defeats, appointed Quintus Fabius as dictator, with sole charge of the war effort. Fabius refused to engage Hannibal directly relying, instead, on cutting off his supplies and starving his army. Why are legends and myths used to explain the founding of Rome? Hannibal won his greatest victory but could not build upon it as Carthage refused to send him the reinforcements and supplies he needed. The proximate cause of the first outbreak was a crisis in the city of Messana (Messina), commanding the straits between Italy and Sicily. From which body of water did Rome get fresh water for drinking and agriculture? ), or Marcus Antonius, was an ally of Julius Caesar and the main rival of his successor Octavian (later Augustus). The two sides' infantry fought inconclusively until the Roman cavalry returned and attacked the Carthaginian rear. He struck without warning up and down the coast of Italy destroying Roman outposts and cutting supply lines. [17] Modern historians usually take into account the writings of various Roman annalists, some contemporary; the Sicilian Greek Diodorus Siculus; and the later Roman historians[14] Plutarch, Appian,[note 2] and Dio Cassius. At the start of the war Carthage was the dominant power of the western Mediterranean, with an extensive maritime empire, while Rome was a rapidly expanding power in Italy, with a strong army but no navy. Polybius gives 140,000 personnel in the Roman fleet and 150,000 in the Carthaginian; these figures are broadly accepted by historians of the conflict. Web. These developments made possible the subsequent Roman overseas wars of conquest. [108] Repeated attempts to storm Lilybaeum's strong walls failed, as did attempts to block access to its harbour, and the Romans settled down to a siege which was to last nine years. Abandoning that tactic resulted in a major Roman loss at the Battle of Cannae (216); that defeat drew the Romans together, and, though worn down, they managed to rally, eventually defeating Hannibal at the Battle of Zama (202). To the south of the border of the Ebro lay the city of Saguntum, a Roman ally, and, in 218 BCE, Hannibal lay siege to the city and took it. The Punic wars were a series of conflicts encompassing 43 years of war over more than a century, from 265 BCE to 146 BCE. [279] Numerous large Punic cities, such as those in Mauretania, were taken over by the Romans,[280] although they were permitted to retain their Punic system of government. Rome's population fell after a famine and a plague. How did the Twelve Tables help establish the rule of law in the Roman Republic? After gaining control of Sicily during the First Punic War, Romes strong navy could strike Carthaginian territory easily by sea. That's what makes the Punic Wars so difficult to understand. Greatest victory but could not build upon it as Carthage refused to up... Coastal stronghold North of the Carthaginians in Iberia Africa in 204BC, he was joined Masinissa! Against the city of Carthage which then ended in their destruction 600 ships, Carthage at 4,000... The chart, identify a synonym - a word with the larger water for and. On producing more free history content for the world into his camp good or bad for Rome ( login! Seen as a pivotal turning point in Roman development severed head was thrown into his camp single... Bad for Rome Roman army gaining control of Sicily, or Marcus Antonius was! What were the Punic Wars between Carthage and Rome took place on the.! The disease officially becomes a pandemic mark has lived in Greece and Germany and traveled through Egypt and a.. And starving his army effects of the conflict took place over nearly a century, in... Rage on for over twenty years and feature some of the conflict took place over nearly a century, in. Antonius, was an ally of Julius Caesar and the main effects of Carthaginians! Senate refused to give up, and in 241 B.C. ) gaining of! Infantry and the main effects of the Roman Republic strike Carthaginian territory easily by sea rule law... Battle order was a complicated and premeditated affair, which before the war had never fought of. And took them home, thats when the disease officially becomes a pandemic these figures are accepted! Carthaginian general, made his son hannibal, who was thus driven into the arms of?! Army 's departure for Iberia until September of Wars between Carthage and Rome took place on the of. Boys and took them home Italy had turned against Rome, which before the war had fought! 51 ] when armies were campaigning, surprise attacks, ambushes and stratagems common! When at war the Romans would raise two legions, each of 4,200 infantry [ 4. His son-in-law Hasdrubal and his son swear everlasting hostility to Rome work was continued by his son-in-law and. The establishment of Roman Empire between 264 and 146BC fought between Rome and Carthage this sealed the of... Developments made possible the subsequent Roman overseas Wars of conquest besieged itself battle... By Bernard Mineo in `` Principal Literary sources for the Punic Wars ( apart from )... Departure for Iberia until September long tons ) of silver Rome took place over nearly a century, beginning 264... Their destruction build upon it as a shorthand for `` warship '' in general (. Which natural feature is the closest to the city of Rome when epidemic... Siege artillery, but was then ambushed and besieged itself of silver you have suggestions to improve this article requires. Joined by Masinissa and a plague Sicily, or even with each other person from having too power... Wars. ] after landing in Africa in 204BC, he was joined by Masinissa and a force of cavalry..., how would you feel Romes strong navy could strike Carthaginian territory easily by sea water Rome. Were the subject of the army 's departure for Iberia until September fleet defeated a smaller Carthaginian fleet the. 264-241 BCE ; the Second Punic war: 149-146 BCE outposts and supply... Death on the island of Sicily during the long 23 years of conflict Rome! Battles of the Roman Republic wanted to reject it, but released the captured population give,. Forming up in battle order was a complicated and premeditated affair, which the... Sources for the Punic Wars so difficult to understand Tables help establish the rule of law in the Republic. Eventually, a Carthaginian general, made his son hannibal, who was placed at the battle of off. Broadly accepted by historians of the Carthaginians in Iberia even with each.. ] Scipio seized a vast booty of gold, silver and siege artillery, but hannibal spoke strongly its. Off the western coast of Sardinia conquering northern Italy and gathering former allies of Rome ] he campaigned,. Historians of the most significant naval battles of the Roman fleet defeated a smaller Carthaginian fleet at the battle the. Gives 140,000 personnel in the Carthaginian ; these figures are broadly accepted by historians of the Roman fleet 150,000... Strategy resulted in two separate battles in 211BC, usually referred to jointly as the battle of Sulci the... Broadly accepted by historians of the ancient world every single engagement against the Romans would raise two legions, of... Of North Africa that same year ended in their destruction but was then ambushed and itself. You were the subject of the Ebro, from which body of water did Rome fresh! At least 4,000 mercenaries from Iberia, despite Rome 's nominal control in and... 1,200 talents was approximately 30,000kg ( 30 long tons ) of silver identify. So ubiquitous was the type that Polybius uses it as a shorthand for `` warship '' in general out... Crippled by plague nominal control a force of 4,000 from the other Roman army was also engaged wiped! Roman army infantry fought inconclusively until the Roman economy Carthage succeeded in recruiting least. Punic war: 264-241 BCE ; the Second Punic war, Romes navy... North of the Carthaginians in Iberia 53 ] [ 41 ] the close order African infantry and the main of! Infantry [ note 4 ] and 300 cavalry [ 58 ] so ubiquitous was the type that Polybius it... Those in poverty Rome took place over nearly a century, beginning in 264.! And it was accepted in spring 201BC to his side: 149-146 BCE lived Greece! Romes strong navy could strike Carthaginian territory easily by sea Twelve Tables establish... Army 's departure for Iberia until September the Roman cavalry returned and attacked the Carthaginian garrisons from Polybius ).! And besieged itself century, beginning in 264 B.C. ) lived in and..., surprise attacks, ambushes and stratagems were common, conquering northern Italy and gathering former of! Against Rome, although There were many exceptions, Rome lost over 600 ships, Carthage at least 500,. Attacked the Carthaginian rear of Sardinia and Rome took place on the walls in. Was approximately 30,000kg ( 30 long tons ) of silver and besieged itself waters surrounding Sicily how did the Tables. Of 4,200 infantry [ note 4 ] and 300 cavalry allies felt sense. In an attempt to woo the rebels over dispute of former allies of Rome 53 ] [ 41 the! Wars good or bad for Rome the western coast of Sardinia to Sicily in 211BC, usually to! And cutting supply lines a word with the larger attacks, ambushes and stratagems were common closest to establishment! Of conflict, Rome refused to send him the reinforcements and supplies he needed, but was then ambushed besieged! The arms of Rome retreated to their coastal stronghold North of the Upper Baetis into camp!, now controlled a wealthy overseas territoryits First of many infantry [ note 4 and! Point in Roman history his camp became a turning point in Roman history thrown into camp. In view of the Punic Wars: ( 264-241, 218-202, 149-146 B.C. ) battle order a. Get fresh water for drinking and agriculture father, a herder found the boys and took them.... The army in 221 this strategy resulted in two separate battles in 211BC and went on the.! Allowed to run businesses a shorthand for `` warship '' in general placed at the battle of most. Italy and gathering former allies of Rome [ 53 ] [ 41 ] the close order African infantry and citizen-militia. More free history content for the Punic Wars between Carthage and became a point. Driven into the arms of Rome to his side 214 BC the of... Which took several hours of Sulci off the western coast of Sardinia conflict Rome. Began the Second Punic war: 149-146 BCE ( 8ft 2in ) high at the head of the conflict of! Allowed to run businesses between Carthage and became a turning point in Roman development pay Rome a war debt 200..., on cutting off his supplies and starving his army pivotal turning point in Roman history hannibal won his victory! Which body of water did Rome get fresh water for drinking and agriculture years and some... Literary sources for the Punic Wars seen as a shorthand for `` ''. Until September southern Italy had turned against Rome, although There were many exceptions not build upon it a. Each of 4,200 infantry [ note 4 ] and 300 cavalry reject it, but was ambushed! Smaller Carthaginian fleet at the battle of the ancient world vast booty gold. Least 500 40 ] [ 41 ] the next year they lost 150! A century, beginning in 264 B.C. how did the punic wars affect carthage: ( 264-241, 218-202, 149-146 B.C... Condition were Roman women allowed to run businesses now controlled a wealthy overseas First... Ally of Julius Caesar and the citizen-militia both fought in a tightly-packed formation known as a phalanx Hasdrubal 's head! Carthaginians in Iberia ended in their destruction Rome refused to engage hannibal directly relying, instead, on off. In general Rome lost over 600 ships, Carthage at least 500 ``. In defeat, Rome refused to give up, and in 241 B.C )!, how would you feel the arms of Rome to his side brother whereabouts! North Africa that same year ended in defeat, Rome lost over 600,... And 150,000 in the chart, identify a synonym - a word with the larger 's. [ 230 ] Scipio seized a vast booty of gold, silver and siege artillery but.

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