People of the same age set consider themselves as brothers and sisters. At this juncture the essay will dwell on the description in family structures in Africa society and how it has affected economic development. 2. Importance of Initiation i. 25 This book is written in Chewa indigenous Central African language. The mother and the child is no longer secluded. It cements the relationship between the two families through the exchange of gifts. 2. Some communities such as the Maasai still maintain their traditional way of dressing. J. Clyde Mitchell, The Yao Village: a Study in the Social Structure of a Malawian Tribe. 4. 25 likes 25,448 views. 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This is because; 1 It is unavoidable. How the widows and orphans are supported - Church members offer them guidance and counseling (giving them hope) - They are prayed for. Death -The rites or ceremonies conducted on such occasions differ from one community to another. - Protection charms are tied around the neck or the waist of the child. vi. For example, in debt and marriage obligations. No one is allowed to take the life of another. 3. - Through marriage, the living dead and those yet to be born are brought together. - There are traditional midwives who help in delivery. Goldthorpe, J.E., The Sociology of the Third World: Disparity and Development. The belief in Christianity has also affected traditional beliefs in death to believe that death is a gateway to heaven and there is resurrection of the body. Among the Chewa of Eastern Zambia, the custom of man living with his wifes parents temporarily or permanently was known as Ukamwini.23. 3. Sometimes people mistake that they are witch doctors especially Christians. 3. among the Akamba pregnant women are not supposed to eat fats, beans or animals killed using poison. Large tracts of land 4 Large herds of cattle. 1. The following day, the naming ceremony takes place. Although children among the Baganda are brought up in an unroutinized and casual way with a few rites of passage to adulthood, they seem to go through three distinct stages during their up bringing. Africa's traditional religion is based on the Ubuntu philosophy, which is a Zulu word for human-ness, and was developed over many centuries in traditional African culture. Some communities have abandoned initiation rites like among the luo; removal of six lower teeth is a practice of the past. 4. ii. Factors contributing to harmony and Mutual Responsibility in African Traditional Societies In traditional African Society, every individual is related to all. Edited by G.A. In this system, all brothers of the father are called father, all sisters of the mother are called mother, all their children brother and sister. 2. - Patriotism. 2. He is currently Assistant Professor of Sociology at Bridgewater College in Virginia. 4. The midwife advises on post-natal care of the mother and the baby. Women were not allowed to own property. Today the dead can be buried in cemeteries in towns. Majority of women today give birth in hospitals. At times force could be applied to get a reluctant young girl marry the partner. Lobola is widely used among the Bantu peoples of Central and Southern Africa.39, Avoidance, segregated relationships, lack of love and tenderness in traditional African marriages and the family has been a common theme among European scholars. The clan chooses the heir. Pregnant women are not allowed to handle certain types of tools. It shows an act of bravery and hardship one I s to meet in life. The issue to emphasize, is not so much that there are no weaknesses or shortcomings in the traditional African family, but that the Eurocentric Anglo-Saxon descriptions (that are believed to be objective and describe social phenomena as accurately as possible) eliminate, and over shadow the strengths and positive aspects that might have existed and may still exist in the African traditional family patterns. But they are terminologically differentiated from parallel cousins and from sisters. It is also a sign of acceptance of the children into the new family. viii. Other names can be given according to important events that take place in the community e.g. 28-39. 4. - Sometimes the orphans and widows have their property destroyed or snatched. Headmanships of villages, court offices, ritual titles, and chieftainships are passed on in this way. iii. They could also warn of impending danger. 7. 5. Bantu migrations also helped to spread agriculture and herding to all parts of Africa. There are strict rules and taboos governing sex. The tie reduces cases of incest. The . These can be by blood, marriage or adoption. iii. Girls brought wealth in form of cattle to marriage. Girls, in distinction to boys, seldom have time to play games.21, Among the Bemba people of Northern Zambia, marriage is matrilocal. 3. the outcome of a war 5. African spirituality is truly holistic. - After the cutting of the skin, the initiates are put in special huts for a period of time. Seclusion nowadays is not very possible because of limited time. 6. Magic, sorcery and witchcraft. Indeed this sense of kinship binds together the entire life of the "tribe . There are counselors that give the aged hope and love. This helps to control peoples behaviors. They can foretell the future e.g. Relevance of diviners and medicine men today 1) Diviners and Mediums are still important in Kenya today. 6. iii. Property could be owned by community, individuals or families. How Names are given in the traditional African societies 1. pp. Courage is usually praised. It is also a symbolic act of breaking the bride completely from the state of unmarried life once dowry is paid she becomes full and mature person. A good son-in-law hoes the garden, chops trees, and generally help his wifes family as proof of his love for his wife, dedication, and being a well cultured individual. - Land can now be sold or auctioned. The gifts also act as security in case the marriage breaks then the gifts could be returned. A curse by a senior relative. drought, famine etc. - They are many types of the wedding ceremonies. The traditional Cheyenne kinship system is certainly an "indigenous society" where the roles and responsibilities of both parents created and sustained the family unit. 1. - Some widows and children are not accepted or welcomed in their new homes. - Alcoholism. Circumcision of the girls is a practice that has been widely condemned for health reasons. The basic kinship unit of Bemba society is not the individual family, but a matrilocal extended family composed of a man and his wife, their married daughters, and the latters husbands and children.24, A young Bemba couple live in the same hut with a child of pre-weaning age whom they may have. They advise the expectant mother on how to take care of herself. Children are expected to help in minor household tasks. - They are kept company. 3. - People tend to be individualized. It offers a general survey of the geographical environments they inhabited; their settlements, social structures and economies; and their religions and cultures. iv. 4 It disrupts normal human activities. They are regarded as honest. Aboriginal kinship ties, values, beliefs, identity and language are maintained by the family. 6 It separates one from the loved ones. Dec. 31, 2007. Among the Akamba and the Agikuyu. According to Dziro and Mhlanga (2018), urbanization, HIV/AIDS, and poverty in Africa are all factors that stifle the effectiveness of informal kinship approaches to proper childcare and. Department of Sociology children born out of wed-lock are killed or abandoned. And this, together with neolocality, makes it nearly impossible to use kinship in structuring our social order. But rather the matrilocal extended family comprised of a man and his wife, their married daughters, son-in-laws, and their children. Changing attitudes to birth and naming 1. After initiation, one has the right to marry. - An orphan is a child whose both parents are dead. We do not sell brides in our society. 3. Researchers have examined the effects of matrilineal kinship systems for women's preferences, including preference for competition, altruism, risk, and political participation. Polygyny was widely practiced in Africa and it often formed the backbone of the traditional African family patterns. Furthermore, the woman will bear children and thus enrich her husband and the wider circle of relatives from both sides. For example, in the polygynous African family, like among the Baganda, and many others, your fathers wives and brothers were not just mothers and fathers just as mere kinship terms. Due to de-forestation, some herbs are becoming extinct. Most of these changes in most cases are in conflict with the African customs. Divorce and separation are discouraged. among the Luos the man is buried at the right and woman is buried the left. Th importance whice h UNICEF attaches to the family is also based on the Conventio onn the Eliminatio onf Family. So the relationship is often based on mutual expectations and is more beneficial for both parties than confrontational and fraught with issuing of orders. - The hair of the mother and the child is shaved. 4. How the of rites passage inculcate moral values In the traditional African communities, people learn the moral values through every days activities and through education provided. The name gives the child identity. - They ensure the values and culture of the community is observed. Second, an identifying drum beat used at ceremonies. Each stage has its own features, some of which are perhaps peculiar to the Baganda customs and system of socialization in their traditional family pattern. Stephens, William N., The Family in Cross-Cultural Perspective, New York: University Press of America, 1982. Problems that the elderly face today 1. iv. RELIGIOUS SPECIALISTS IN THE TRADITIONAL AFRICAN COMMUNITY -They are those who are believed to be endowed with special powers. Children could be named after their dead relatives. Fourth, special observations related to pregnancy, childbirth, naming of the child, and testing the childs legitimacy as clan member.14, The existence of patriarchy and the patrilineal system among the Baganda might suggest that individual men have the most dominant social status. It is also a way of showing respect to God for the gift of the children. There was never a distinction between the biological and non-biological kin as far as primary parental obligations were concerned. Types of Kinship. v. They are also consulted in terms of crisis e.g. The clan assumes control of inheritance; the wishes of the dead person may or may not be honored. Family advocates Malinowski is the cornerstone of every society and culture. 6. iii. Rain makers ii. to find out if they are related. Anything described in these terms must inherently be bad, primitive and, therefore, undesirable.41, Typical of this Eurocentric characterization of the traditional African family is often not only the contention that there cannot be genuine love in a polygamous marriages but that even monogamous ones lack genuine love. Introduction The primary objective of this paper is to define the African traditional religious system as the basis of understanding Christian spiritual warfare within an African context. 2. 5. People like politicians and students consult medicine men to succeed in the careers. Mair, Lucy P., African Marriage and Social Change, in Survey of African Marriage and Family Life. Elizabeth Colson, Marriage and the Family among the Plateau Tonga of Northern Rhodesia. Main factors which affect social change can be discussed a follows: 1. iii. v. There was a lot of fairness in the distribution of property. [.] - Honesty. A curse by the community. At childhood children are taught to obey parents and the elderly. The histories and cultures of Egypt, Nubia, Ethiopia and North Africa are covered . The paternal grandfather recites many names of the clans dead ancestors. Christianity: Christianity has weakened African Kinship ties by introducing new ties by the Christian family. 36 Lucy P. Mair African Marriage and Social Change, in Survey of African Marriage and Family Life. 4. This again is true among other Zambian tribes like the Bisa, Lamba, Lala, Chewa, Kaonde, Luba, and others. - Marriage extended relationship and therefore enlarged kinship ties. Prayers also connect the living and the dead. Same ancestry: People of a particular community believe that they have the same origin e.g. Stern norms/ values which promote individualism. Dishonoring or insulting God. They also perform light duties for relatives. A mock wrestling sometimes would be organized between the boy and the girl. 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