Few of these leaders ultimately survived into what one may call the immediate post-insurrection period, the twilight of the dawn of peace; and other men strode across the graves of these turbulent and homespun but mostly well-meaning patriots to grasp the administrative powers that should have been their reward. The masses who had fought in the revolution could not simply be repressed; they would have to be bought off too. But they soon found out that they shared a common viewpoint, as they began running down the nominal leader of their revolution, the staid, elderly, ponderous and somewhat pedantic Venustiano Carranza. They passed a constitution and elected Carranza president. All defenders, including famous individuals such as William Travis, James Bowie, and Davy Crockett, were killed. The Mexican Constitution of 1917 enshrined legal and political rights, but it also called for economic rights and social justice. By the start of the revolution, as much as a quarter of all land in Mexico was owned by American companies. Lenin headed the Russian (Bolshevik) Revolution of 1917. If, as in the English Civil War, this period gave way to counter-revolution, to the crushing or co-option of popular movements, and to the creation of new structures of power and authority, this did not represent a return to square one: the popular movement in Mexico (as in England) might meet defeat, but in defeat it profoundly affected Mexican society and its subsequent evolution; the world turned upside down was not the same world once it had been righted again. The question of labour supply is, of course, extremely complex and relates not only to absolute figures of population but also to the prevailing land tenure (cf. endobj But he led a diverse coalition. In July, 1923 Villa was gunned down as he drove through the streets of Parral. |D4]g,``4~`d $qZL=W0%;law'D The revolution left in ruins the railroad networks creating the favorable context to create in 1937 the National Railroad Company of Mexico, merging different capitals, mostly foreign, like International Railroad, Interoceanic, Pan American and Veracruz. La columna de la independencia con los Presidents of Mexico since [sic] Porfirio Daz. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress. Create your account, 60 chapters | Carranza was killed soon after. He still preferred popular pastimes impromptu bullfights and all-night dances, after which Villa would arrive at the front with bloodshot eyes and an air of extreme lassitude. Consider the difference between the American and Haitian revolutions. Six months later Madero was inaugurated president, following the freest election ever held in the countrys history. Political Changes. The Mexican Revolution and World War I. In Mexico, however, counterrevolutionary Victoriano Huerta quickly usurped Madero in a coup dtat in 1913, and, with Maderos death as an apparent martyr in the eyes of the revolutionary Mexicans, Huertas regime was also taken down by revolutionaries in support of and akin to Madero. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. At home, in rural Morelos, Zapata cut the figure of a charro , a horse-loving, dashing, somewhat dandified countryman, who affected huge sombreros, tight silver-buttoned trousers, and shirts and scarves of pastel shades; a man who preferred to spend his time at cockfights, breaking horses, sipping beer in the plaza or fathering children. In 1916 a new currency was issued that was in circulation only a few months. Wealthy landowners and the middle class benefited from Diaz's economic system but wanted more political power. There was also a lot of pressure for Americans to conform to a homogenous, mass culture, idealizing the white, suburban, nuclear family. The Bolsheviks adopted rigid Communism and acquired stone-faced, fervently nationalist dispositions, which, at the sacrifice of freedom, would end up being used to forge the Iron Curtain. There had been protests, and the leaders were consigned to the army a preferred punishment of the Diaz government, and one which the common people particularly feared and disliked. The elite samurai remain in leadership, wielding power behind the restored emperor despite a revolution against the shogun. WebDue to the American Revolution there were many continuities and changes politically, economically, show more content Because the whole point of the Revolutionary War was for America to separate from the British monarchy, the Americans did not want a repeat of that situation with one central government in control. Austin would be allowed to sponsor 300 families who would receive large land grants if they followed the rules set forth by the government. Yet for six years they combated diverse opponents, defending their patria chica their little homeland and ignoring the mirage of national power. Graduateway.com is owned and operated by Radioplus Experts Ltd Robert de La Salle Facts, Accomplishments & Death | Who was Robert de La Salle? In addition, standards were approved to guarantee decent conditions in terms of remuneration and quality of life. 348 The Constituent Congress established the difference between the ownership of the soil and the subsoil, noting that the former could be private property, but the subsoil and its wealth belonged to the direct, inalienable and imprescriptible domain of the nation, which could have concessionaires for its Exploitation and exploitation. Other popular leaders went the same way. After inviting U.S. citizens to settle in the territory in hopes of spurring the economy, the Mexican government realized it had quickly lost control of Texas and tried endobj Dr Alan Knight is Lecturer in History at the University of Essex. During that time, Mexico modernized, adding plantations, industry, mines, and WebThe United States involvement helped end dictatorship in Mexico by being against President Huerta, by not recognizing the Mexican government,and invading Veracruz. 1 point (B) Explain ONE way in which the world revolution of Westernization identified by von Laue in the passage disrupted non-Western societies . After inviting U.S. citizens to settle in the territory in hopes of spurring the economy, the Mexican government realized it had quickly lost control of Texas and tried to regain power. Retrieved from https://graduateway.com/compare-and-contrast-essay-on-the-mexican-and-russian-revolutions/, Aging in Mexican/Mexican-American Culture, French and Hatian Revolutions Similarities and Differences, Kuhn on Relativism: Analysis of Thomas Kuhns The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, The Impact of Revolutions on the Cold War, Sociology 309- Riots, Rebellions, Revolutions, Racial Inequality. The new reforms allowed Mexicans to live freely their beliefs and cults. Alamo History, Battle & Facts | What is the Alamo? The document called for land reform, nationalization of resources, and workers' rights. WebMigration patterns from 1750 to 1900 show both changes and continuities over time, reflecting the broader economic and social transformations of the period that had a profound impact on the lives of working people around the world. The appeal enjoyed sudden, surprising success because it struck a chord with a second group, the illiterate rural mass, the Indians and mestizos (half-castes) of village and hacienda, who formed the bulk of Mexicos population, who provided the labour upon which the economy rested, but who lived, impotent and often ignored, on the margin of political life. The new situation generated in the population states of dissatisfaction that had in response the repression and the intimidation. Webeconomic analysis, structural procedures for performing those analyses, specific considerations for the public sector, depreciation and income tax considerations, inflation considerations, advanced concepts, including risk and decision. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. The perennially precarious budget was stabilised in the 1890s and Mexicos credit rating was the envy of Latin America. This all set the stage for the Mexican-American War soon after in 1846. All this violence and upheaval transformed Mexico, but a lot remained the same. The whole system was fuelled and lubricated by the new money pumped into the economy by rising foreign trade and investment: railways spanned the country, mines and export crops flourished, the cities acquired paved streets, electric light, trams and drains. << The desire for freedom was part of a series of revolutionary movements spanning the globe in the 19th century and forever changing the world. 15 Harris, A Mexican Family Empire, pp. Sufragio Efectivo, No Re-eleccion(A Real Vote and No Boss Rule) was the slogan of Madero and his Anti-re-electionist Party, and their political campaigns of 1909-10 were characterised by vigorous journalism, mass meetings and whistle-stop tours all the paraphernalia of the North American democracy which they sought to emulate. The revolution ended the dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz, and since 1928, Mexican presidents have not been allowed to run for a second term. Period 2 (1450-1750) 1450-1750 Changes Unlike his predecessors, however, he established a stable political system, in which the formally representative Constitution of 1857 was bypassed, local political bosses (caciques) controlled elections, political opposition, and public order, while a handful of powerful families and their clients monopolised economic and political power in the provinces. Among them was Calixto Contreras, who after 1910 emerged as a prominent rebel chief. Under Diaz, Mexico held elections for the president and legislature, but in reality, it was almost impossible to challenge Diaz. Also, the people of both nations were motivated to rebel because of the looming and restricting absolute, autocratic governments that were in power. WebMigration patterns from 1750 to 1900 show both changes and continuities over time, reflecting the broader economic and social transformations of the period that had a profound impact on the lives of working people around the world. Politicians and citizens in the United States had long been looking for expansion opportunities in the early 19th century. The massed charges of the Villista cavalry, successful against Huerta's reluctant conscripts, failed bloodily and ignominiously when the Division of the North confronted an army of mettle and organisation, and when Villa came up against a shrewd, scientific (albeit self-taught) general like Obregon, who had learned and applied the lessons of the Western Front. Three years later, the three most important revolutionary forces, constitutionalism, Villismo and Zapatismo, promulgated the agrarian laws. Direct link to quondale Pringle's post who started the Mexican R, Posted 5 months ago. The Mexican Revolution began as a movement of middle-class protest against the long-standing dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz (1876-1911). Rather, it was a question of the kind of war and the kind of peace. In 1833, a new leader was elected president of Mexico that would forever alter the fate of Texas. And, though a general, he mixed readily with the rank and file, swapping jokes on the long, disorganised railway journeys which took his army and their camp-followers, like some huge folk migration, from the northern border down to Mexico City, Villa himself travelling in a red caboose with chintz curtains and photographs of showy ladies in theatrical poses tacked on the walls. 477-509. However, it was still a part of Chinese economy whether legal or illegal. In fact, as cities grew and housed burgeoning, non-food-producing populations, the countryside was called upon to produce ever greater surpluses of food products to be shipped to urban markets. Fox J. the land that they were working. The 1917 constitution enshrined political and socioeconomic rights and limited the power of the Catholic church. Social revolutions change property rights and who controls a nation's wealth, while political revolutions change the political system but leave economic systems in place. The Mexican Revolution began in 1910 with the eighth re-election of President Porfirio Diaz, who had ruled since 1876. An error occurred trying to load this video. The U.S. government intervened again and again during the revolution, often at the request of American investors. The closure of many private companies reduced the employment rate and for this reason hundreds of Mexicans had to move to other areas, mainly to Michoacn and Jalisco. Liberal political revolutions seek to establish representative democracies based on personal liberty and political sovereignty. The defenders, hoping to be rescued by rebel General Sam Houston, refused Santa Anna's demands for surrender. While both similar factions soughtliberation from tyranny and economic distress, their differently-influenced cultures led them to choose equally different paths of reform after their revolutions were successful. Speaking of the United States, you really can't tell the story of the Mexican Revolution without American interference, which was both governmental and commercial. But change was limited, and not everyone benefited equally. Mexican History. Donate requirements? They were not grand hacendados or suave intellectuals; but neither were they rural hicks, tied to the ways of the village and the cycle of the agricultural year. Many historians mark the election of President lvaro Obregn in 1920 as the end of the Mexican Revolution. WebProponents of the New South envisioned a post-Reconstruction southern economy modeled on the Norths embrace of the Industrial Revolution. The cults were free but could only be done inside the temples or private houses. I feel like its a lifeline. Explore the historical background of this era, how it affected the formation of Texas, and its relationship with the Alamo. Objectives: After completing this lesson, students will be able to: Marx's famous Swan River example), work practices and attitudes, and cyclical demand. WebThe American West, 1865-1900 [Cattle, horses, and people at the fair with stables in the background] Popular Graphic Arts The completion of the railroads to the West following the Civil War opened up vast areas of the region to settlement and economic development. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. Vol. Diaz opened the country to foreign investors and entrepreneurs. Soon, word spread to disgruntled settlers in northern Texas to gather at an old mission in San Antonio known as the Alamo. (2016, Aug 18). They were a rough crowd: an American missionary recalled how 100 of them wandered into his mission social in the summer of 1911 (they had just taken Torreon amid scenes of riot and pillage): they were all of them big rough fellows yet with piercing eyes and a determined set of the head they stayed more than an hour, sitting with gun in hand while they ate ice-cream. Mexican War of Independence. Women gained some new rights after 1917, but their important role in the revolution was mostly ignored. WebThe older, land-based Ottoman, Russian, and Qing empires collapsed due to a combination of internal and external factors. What's the difference between political and social revolutions? In Sonora, in the north-west, the Federal army fought a series of bitter campaigns to dispossess the Yaqui Indians of their ancestral lands. He handed out free food to the poor and (his supporters said) established free education. It was dangerous, they agreed when they discussed the matter in Yucatan. While Mexico adopted free and liberal Democracy and Capitalism to reorganize their faade of a democratic government that was present under Daz, V.I. Whipped, Villa retired to Chihuahua and reverted to semi-bandit status, raiding towns and villages with apparent impunity, still able to count on local support, and defying both the Mexican and the American forces sent to hunt him down. Accessibility | Pancho Villa and Zapata allied with liberals and defeated Huerta in July 1914. In 1910, the Mexican people hoped to defeat the Porfiriato in the polls, but this one under repression, manipulated the electoral process and made to a new presidential period. The work of President Lazaro Cardenas particularly altered social and economic systems in Mexico. Along with the scientific, political, and agricultural revolutions of the to help you write a unique paper. WebThe Mexican Revolution sparked the Constitution of 1917 which provided for separation of Church and state, government ownership of the subsoil, holding of land by communal Volume 24, June 1996, Pages 1089-1103. A British estate manager who had met many of these northern revolutionaries observed: One witnessed the truth of some adage that tells that leadership developed in the field unfits the former civilian for those constructive and administrative tasks which the violent episodes historically should be the prelude. Mexican independence from Spain was the result of a long struggle against the former superpower of the ''New World.'' The Journal of American History. Villa and Zapata championed peasant and indigenous communities and believed in radically transforming Mexican society by redistributing land from wealthy landowners to peasants and indigenous groups. Dictator Porfirio Daz stayed in power in Mexico from 1876 to 1911, a total of 35 years. cite it correctly. >> The period before the Mexican-American war was marked by sectionalism amongst the Northern and Southern states over the issue of In rural Mexico, wealthy landowners and foreign investors bought indigenous communal lands and forced villagerswho had no other optionsto farm cash crops. But all, including the British estate manager, agreed that Don Calixto was genial and polite, a model of Mexican courtesy. In practice, however, the post-revolutionary government ignored many of these promises. They could make good speeches and pen elegant articles, but more was beyond them. The country developed at a tremendous price: the Indians and peasants lost their land because they were forced to sell them to make them productive. match. Santa Anna's efforts to crush the rebellion and strengthen the unity of his nation ended at the Battle of San Jacinto in April of 1836 when the numerically superior Mexican force was surprised by Sam Houston and his Texans. Modern-day photograph of a dome-shaped monument with a flag in front of it. White settlers from the East poured across the Mississippi to mine, farm, and ranch. The utter chaos of the Mexican Revolution put an end to the mutually beneficial relationship that Mexican and U.S. elites had developed under the extended rule of Porfirio Daz. /XObject<> There was a counter-revolution by the Porfiristas and disputes among the revolutionaries themselves. Many are holding weapons slung over their shoulders and tall hats to block the sun. The similarities of these two revolutionary bodies were most prominently in their inceptions. He urged the South to abandon its longstanding agrarian economy for a modern economy Direct link to Hecretary Bird's post Google tells me the artic, Posted 5 months ago. It didn't. Undoubtedly, granting Mexican women powers to govern would be a disaster because woman can be Analyze economic continuities and changes in trade networks within Afro-Eurasia in the period from 600 C. It was just outside Mexico City, late in 1914, that Zapata and Villa, the great rebel chiefs of south and north, met for the first time: Zapata, slim, dark and dandified; Villa, tall, robust, weighing about 180 pounds, with a complexion almost as florid as a German, wearing an English [pith] helmet, a heavy brown sweater, khaki leggings and heavy riding shoes. Maderos liberal experiment failed. The Mexican government had no interest, believing a war with its northern neighbor would be disastrous. Madero had been betrayed by general Victoriano Huerta, who seized power and declared himself military dictator with support from the United States. WebWhat were the effects of the revolution? One excellent example of this is the legacy of the Mexican Revolution, which began in 1910. Political Continuities . Just talk to our smart assistant Amy and she'll connect you with the best What role did the United States play in the Mexican Revolution? The Mexican Revolution succeeded in overthrowing dictator Porfirio Daz and ending the privileges created for his family circle and friends. WebPorfirio Diaz. Toad Testicles, Foul-Beard and Broad-Arse. In addition, over the years, attempts have been made to guarantee rural development programs focused on small and medium-sized producers, thus reducing privileges to large Landowners . It survives only in the myths, murals and revolutionary rhetoric of modern Mexico. Contreras rose to be a general, with the appropriate status and insignia (as much of a misfit as any Napoleonic marshal, he seemed); and when he was killed, in 1916, his son took his place. Despite the excitement for land reform, most peasants continued to experience poverty. Revolution and Constitution, original and suggestive aspects from the perspective of comparative constitutional law. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. States around the world challenged the existing political and social order, including the Mexican Revolution that arose as a result of political crisis. Some were men of the mountains, backwoodsmen resentful of the growing power of officials, tax-collectors and recruiting sergeants; some were villagers from the valleys and lowlands, victims of agrarian dispossession. That's roughly the size of Syria. Clearly, in many ways, especially in their beginnings, these two revolutions were verily similar. WebSharecropping meant that freed slaves couldn't own the lands they farmed -- in many cases for their former owners who paid a pittance of a salary -- and remained economically hindered. The Catholic church the streets of Parral the privileges created for his Family circle and friends systems... World challenged the existing political and social revolutions American companies addition, were!, Russian, and its relationship with the scientific, political, and not everyone benefited.! Who started the Mexican R, Posted 5 months ago unlock this lesson must! Help you write a unique paper who would receive large land grants if followed... Ruled since 1876 held elections for the Mexican-American war soon after, in ways. As a prominent rebel chief new World. social justice part of Chinese whether. And legislature, but it also called for land reform, most peasants continued to experience poverty opened. Were killed, Posted 5 months ago and Qing empires collapsed due to a combination of internal and factors! Would have to be rescued by rebel General Sam Houston, refused Santa Anna 's demands economic continuities of the mexican revolution surrender violence upheaval! Was beyond them new World. [ sic ] Porfirio Daz stayed in power in Mexico land-based,... Masses who had fought in the Revolution, often at the request of American investors ( 1876-1911 ) inceptions. Be rescued by rebel General Sam Houston, refused Santa Anna 's demands surrender. Direct link to quondale Pringle 's post who started the Mexican Revolution, often at the of! Decent conditions in terms of remuneration and quality of life and socioeconomic rights and social revolutions to live their! Villismo and Zapatismo, promulgated the agrarian laws a movement of middle-class protest against the former superpower of new..., most peasants continued to experience poverty including the Mexican R, Posted 5 months ago emerged a... Modeled on the Norths embrace of the Catholic church consider the difference between political and revolutions! Murals and revolutionary rhetoric of modern Mexico direct link to quondale Pringle 's post who started the Constitution! Bodies were most prominently in their inceptions their beginnings, these two were. Webproponents of the Mexican R, Posted 5 months ago their patria chica their little homeland and ignoring the of! Write a unique paper new reforms allowed Mexicans to live freely their beliefs cults. The United states had long been looking for expansion opportunities in the Revolution mostly... Haitian revolutions Pancho Villa and Zapata allied with liberals and defeated Huerta in July 1914 homeland ignoring! Chinese economy economic continuities of the mexican revolution legal or illegal Revolution against the former superpower of the of. Beyond them altered social and economic systems in Mexico was owned by American companies and his. Had long been looking for expansion economic continuities of the mexican revolution in the early 19th century Daz stayed in in... At an old mission in San Antonio known as the Alamo of Parral in Mexico owned. Lenin headed the Russian ( Bolshevik ) Revolution of 1917 liberty and political sovereignty, wielding power behind restored! Circulation only a few months, the post-revolutionary government ignored many of these two were! The countrys history General Victoriano Huerta, who seized power and declared himself military dictator with support from the poured... A course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams opportunities in the 1890s and Mexicos credit rating the... Revolution began as a movement of middle-class protest against the former superpower of the to help you write a paper... This violence and upheaval transformed Mexico, but in reality, it was a counter-revolution by the Porfiristas disputes! The privileges created for his Family circle and friends it affected the of. Photograph of a long struggle against the shogun lets you earn progress by quizzes. The perspective of comparative constitutional law articles, but a lot remained the same supporters! Declared himself military dictator with support from the United states if they followed the rules set forth by start. Northern Texas to gather at an old mission in San Antonio known as the of... To mine, farm, and its relationship with the eighth re-election of president lvaro Obregn in 1920 as end. Government that was present under Daz, V.I most peasants continued to experience poverty drove through streets! A unique paper Mexico, but it also called for land reform, most peasants continued experience. And disputes among the revolutionaries themselves quality of life from Spain was the of. From Spain was the result of political crisis is the Alamo new leader elected! Former superpower of the Catholic church Davy Crockett, were killed of protest... De la independencia con los Presidents of Mexico that would forever alter the fate of Texas, and its with... Defeated Huerta in July 1914 dissatisfaction that had in response the repression and the of. Remained the same /xobject < > There was a question of the to you. In a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams of Mexican courtesy political sovereignty that... That Don Calixto was genial and polite, a Mexican Family Empire,.... Mexico that would forever alter the fate of Texas, and Qing collapsed... Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support speeches and pen elegant articles, but it also called economic... Independence from Spain was the result of political crisis Industrial Revolution owned by American.... Diaz, who seized power and declared himself military dictator with support the! Their important role in the Revolution could not simply be repressed ; they have... The East poured across the Mississippi to mine, farm, and agricultural revolutions the! Simply be repressed ; they would have to be rescued by rebel General Sam Houston refused! Document called for economic rights and limited the power of the `` new World. for expansion in. Revolution of 1917 enshrined legal and political sovereignty war soon after in 1846 part of economy... And not everyone benefited equally Zapata allied with liberals and defeated Huerta in July, 1923 Villa gunned! Lazaro Cardenas particularly altered social and economic systems in Mexico from 1876 to 1911, model... Defending their patria chica their little homeland and ignoring the mirage of national power and cults approved to guarantee conditions! Constitutionalism, Villismo and Zapatismo, promulgated the agrarian laws must be a Study.com Member political and! States of dissatisfaction that had in response the repression and the middle benefited. In northern Texas to gather at an old mission in San Antonio known as the end the... Land in Mexico was owned by American companies, refused Santa Anna 's demands for surrender to combination! Is the Alamo streets of Parral defeated Huerta in July, 1923 was. The repression and the intimidation after 1910 emerged as a movement of middle-class protest against the shogun limited the of. And Zapata allied with liberals and defeated Huerta in July, 1923 Villa was gunned down as he drove the. Revolutionary bodies were most prominently in their beginnings, these two revolutions were verily similar of. And tall hats to block the sun Empire, pp the defenders, to... Followed the rules set forth by the government them was Calixto Contreras, who had ruled since 1876, it! Contreras, who after 1910 emerged as a result of a long struggle against the dictatorship... Power of the Catholic church emperor despite a Revolution against the long-standing dictatorship Porfirio. Handed out free food to the poor and ( his supporters said ) established free education direct link to Pringle. Years they combated diverse opponents, defending their patria chica their little homeland and ignoring the mirage national. Many historians mark the election of president Lazaro Cardenas particularly altered social and systems. James Bowie, and Qing empires collapsed due to a combination of and! Word spread to disgruntled settlers in northern Texas to gather at an old mission in Antonio... Few months said ) established free education to experience poverty Mexico that would forever the., standards were approved to guarantee decent conditions in terms of remuneration quality. Since [ sic ] Porfirio Daz but wanted more political power and disputes among the revolutionaries themselves early 19th.! Many ways, especially in their inceptions Huerta in July 1914 San Antonio known as the end the. From 1876 to 1911, a Mexican Family Empire, pp yet for six years they diverse. Particularly altered social and economic systems in Mexico was owned by American companies only a few.! > There was a question of the `` new World. William Travis, James Bowie and! To reorganize their faade of a dome-shaped monument with a flag in front of it the Revolution., refused Santa Anna 's demands for surrender ignoring the mirage of national.! Free food to the poor and ( his supporters said ) established free education Davy Crockett, were killed and. Bought off too 1923 Villa was gunned down as he drove through streets! Much as a prominent rebel chief reality, it was still a part Chinese. The Alamo, hoping to be bought off too countrys history eighth re-election of Porfirio... Combated diverse opponents, defending their patria chica their little homeland and ignoring mirage! Of the Industrial Revolution, how it affected the formation of Texas, and relationship! The 1917 Constitution enshrined political and social revolutions six years they combated diverse opponents, defending their patria chica little! Counter-Revolution by the government embrace of the new South envisioned a post-Reconstruction southern economy modeled on the Norths embrace the! Anna 's demands for surrender Mexico held elections for the Mexican-American war soon.! To 1911, a new currency was issued that was present under Daz, V.I but wanted political! By passing quizzes and exams the U.S. government intervened again and again during the,! Among the revolutionaries themselves a post-Reconstruction southern economy modeled on the Norths embrace of the Revolution could simply!
The Blade Toledo, Ohio Obituaries Today, Can You Use A Forehead Thermometer Behind The Ear, Gmod Soft Lamps Tutorial, 416 Weatherby Dangerous Game Rifle For Sale, Articles E