MLM Arts. WikiZero zgr Ansiklopedi - Wikipedia Okumann En Kolay Yolu This (Bryth) was the birthright nation in very ancient times when the Celtic and Caucasian races moved from the Middle East. If you had a list of common words from Middle and Modern English, how many words would have been replaced? The world snell means quick or brisk in Kernewek and literally translates to meaning quick in English Cornwall. maybe there was. [18], It is probable that at the start of the Post-Roman period Common Brittonic was differentiated into at least two major dialect groups Southwestern and Western (also we may posit additional dialects, such as Eastern Brittonic, spoken in what is now the East of England, which have left little or no evidence). [2] "Brythonic" was coined in 1879 by the Celticist John Rhys from the Welsh word Brython. Pictish may have resisted Latin influence to a greater extent than the other Brittonic languages. Paul Russell, Alex Mullen This database collects all the personal names from Roman Britain which are thought to contain Celtic elements. Why does Jesus turn to the Father to forgive in Luke 23:34? [15] The authors describe this as a "plausible vector for the spread of early Celtic languages into Britain". Their center was at Dumbarton, or 'Alcluyd' as it was then called, and meant "fortress of the Britons". Thus the concept of a Common Brittonic language ends by AD 600. "solder" and "salve" phonetics between AmE and BrE. Cunobelinus m Brythonic (Latinized) Latinized form of a Brythonic name, possibly from old Celtic * k "dog, hound" (genitive * kunos) combined with either the name of the god Belenus or another Celtic root meaning "strong". Although the Brythonic-speaking kingdoms in the immediately sub-Roman period (both in the north and in Wales) tended to view themselves as the heirs of Roman culture, very few linguistically Roman names seem to have made their way into the name pool. See also Early Names of Britain and France. in 16th Century Gloucestershire: Welsh Influences, Some 16th & 17th Century Welsh Masculine Names, Period Welsh Models for SCA Households and the Nomenclature Thereof, Cornish (and Other) Personal Names from This seems a very unlikely derivation, as there is no Drywall "mud": modern slang or continuous usage from ancient times? Another is *deruo- "oak" or "true" [Bret. A Goddess of theriver Aeron although listed as associated with strife and slaughter, the name Agrona comes from the same root-source as the modern English word Agrinomy crop & field management'(Greek Agros = field & Nomos = manage) and the river name Aeron means berries in Welsh. Dillon M and Chadwick N (1967). Paddy Mary John ("Paddy, son of Mary, daughter of John"). Learn how and when to remove this template message, Prince William, Duke of Clarence and St Andrews, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Celtic_onomastics&oldid=1116112329, Articles needing additional references from May 2017, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 14 October 2022, at 21:42. It means "covenant". Goddess of War The patron Goddess of the Iceni tribe. Their Religious practices revolved around offerings and sacrifices, sometimes human but more often involving the ritual slaughter of animals or the deposition of metalwork, especially war booty. During the period of the Roman occupation of what is now England and Wales (AD 43 to c. 410), Common Brittonic borrowed a large stock of Latin words, both for concepts unfamiliar in the pre-urban society of Celtic Britain such as urbanization and new tactics of warfare as well as for rather more mundane words which displaced native terms (most notably, the word for "fish" in all the Brittonic languages derives from the Latin piscis rather than the native *skos - which may survive, however, in the Welsh name of the River Usk, Wysg). Moon Goddess -SilverWheel - Corona Borealis d. of Donn, s. of Gwydion & m. of Lleu Llaw Gyffes & Dylan. This is a list of surnames in which the origin is, the letters in the pattern are compared to the letters in the name, search for an exact phrase by surrounding it with double quotes, this field understands simple boolean logic, force a term to be included by preceding it with a, force a term to be excluded by preceding it with a, sounds can only be searched in names that have been assigned pronunciations, syllables can only be counted in names that have been assigned pronunciations, names without pronunciations are excluded from results, the "relationship" is how the name relates to its parent name. Here, sons were given an ancestral name, so we saw names such as 'William ap Richard' (meaning . In particular, the word srath (anglicised as "Strath") is a native Goidelic word, but its usage appears to have been modified by the Brittonic cognate ystrad whose meaning is slightly different. Willis, David. [32] Literary Welsh has the simple present Caraf = I love and the present stative (al. F [23], Some, including J. R. R. Tolkien, have argued that Celtic has acted as a substrate to English for both the lexicon and syntax. A note on Brythonic last names: As with their Viking counterparts, most Brythons would have a given name and then either a list of their fathers using the word 'ap' to mean 'son of' (i.e Llewelyn ap Cyny ap Rhodri) or a suffix with some sort of descriptor (i.e Rhodri Mawr 'The Mighty'). The place names of Roman Britain. The effect on Irish has been the loan from British of many Latin-derived words. zevende dag of een eerste, tweede, derde "vastendag" en tot slot nog een "wasdag" veranderd. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. [24][25][26] Another legacy may be the sheep-counting system Yan Tan Tethera in the north, in the traditionally Celtic areas of England such as Cumbria. His name means silver-tongued. Why did the Soviets not shoot down US spy satellites during the Cold War? The family tree of the Brittonic languages is as follows: Brittonic languages in use today are Welsh, Cornish and Breton. So, from a cursory understanding of English history (and I am very happy to say that) I was able to, one might note that the cultural history of those who lived in England might proceed: My guess (and correct me if I'm wrong) is that the Latin influence in English was more to do with the Church and the Normans than it was to do with the Romans directly, but I was wondering if there are words which may be shown to be direct descendants of the ancient Britons' tounge? Between the end of the Roman occupation and the mid 6th century the two dialects began to diverge into recognizably separate varieties, the Western into Cumbric and Welsh and the Southwestern into Cornish and its closely related sister language Breton, which was carried to continental Armorica. [5], Comparable historical terms include the Medieval Latin lingua Britannica and sermo Britannicus[6] and the Welsh Brythoneg. Snell is a Cornish surname of Celtic-Brythonic origin which originated within the kingdom of Cornwall. or. Contents 1Phonology and notation 1.1Consonants 1.2Vowels 1.3Diphthongs 2Developments from Proto-Celtic 2.1Vowel affection 2.1.1A-affection 2.1.2Final i-affection 2.1.3Internal i-affection 2.2Miscellaneous raisings 2.3Consonant mutation BRITNEY SPEARS LEGENDARY FOR Brythonic? Welsh Names Taken largely from the Book of Llandav. - Rhys Saunders Aug 5, 2014 at 13:09 Here's another Wassos became Gwas (servant/boy) - Rhys Saunders Aug 5, 2014 at 13:13 Add a comment -1 Today the Brythonic languages . Sound guys! Her name would then mean She who dwells in the sacred grove suggesting Arnemetia may be a divine epithet rather than a name in its own right. [9], Knowledge of the Brittonic languages comes from a variety of sources. Names derived (sometimes indirectly) from Brittonic include London, Penicuik, Perth, Aberdeen, York, Dorchester, Dover and Colchester. The three most common Cornish surnames are Williams, Richards and Thomas. In Ireland, for example, where Murphy is an exceedingly common name, particular Murphy families or extended families are nicknamed, so that Denis Murphy's family were called 'The Weavers" and Denis himself was called "Denis 'The Weaver' Murphy". names containing the roots " der- / dar- / dur- " and " -went " E.G. " King of Hell, God of AnnwnHe fought in the Battle of the Trees (Cad Goddeu) with Bran against Amathaon and Gwyddion. She is usually depicted as a pale skinned, fair headed Goddess. @tchrist - Thanks for the head's up, but I'm afraid it only nears in on being interesting, without ever quite getting there. Baines 1 Welsh From Welsh ab Einws meaning "son of Einws", a diminutive of Einion. that the use of periphrastic constructions (using auxiliary verbs such as do and be in the continuous/progressive) in the English verb, which is more widespread than in the other Germanic languages, is traceable to Brittonic influence. Subcategories This category has the following 5 subcategories, out of 5 total. As to " -went " some claim this to be a word for " . Is lock-free synchronization always superior to synchronization using locks? "dour", C. "dowr", W. "dr"], also found in the place-name "Dover" (attested in the Roman period as "Dubrs"); this is the source of rivers named "Dour". The Celts of England spoke a language known as Brythonic Celtic which developed from Proto-Celtic, which was to evolve into modern Welsh in Wales and Cumbric in the Hen Ogledd or "Old North" of Britain, Cornish in Cornwall and Breton in Gaul. In addition to all this, Irish-speaking areas still follow the old tradition of naming themselves after their father, grandfather, great-grandfather and so on. King of Annwn, He was the King of the Underworld. A famous bearer was the Scottish poet Robert Burns (1759-1796). It has been argued[by whom?] include bre- and bal- for hills, and carr for a high rocky place, The most notable member of the Roman family was the general Marcus Antonius substantial Brythonic speakers remained (Brythonic names, apart from It is identified by linguists as a member of the P-Celtic form of languages spoken by other Britons, Welsh and Cornish. Their Religious practices revolved around offerings and sacrifices, sometimes human but more often involving the ritual slaughter of animals or the deposition of metalwork, especially war booty. In areas where certain family names are extremely common, extra names are added that sometimes follow this archaic pattern. The Brittonic languages derive from the Common Brittonic language, spoken throughout Great Britain during the Iron Age and Roman period. Queen Boadiccea of the Iceni offered sacrifices to Andraste in a sacred grove before fighting the Romans on her many campaigns against them. Here's another Wassos became Gwas (servant/boy). and hydronyms (river names). [17], Brittonic languages were probably spoken before the Roman invasion throughout most of Great Britain, though the Isle of Man later had a Goidelic language, Manx. They have become popular over the years, making one of the . During the next few centuries the language began to split into several dialects, eventually evolving into Welsh, Cornish, Breton, Cumbric, and probably Pictish. Proto-Brythonic is the ancestor of the Brythonic languages: Welsh, Breton, Cornish, and Cumbric. Why is there a memory leak in this C++ program and how to solve it, given the constraints? The regular consonantal sound changes from Proto-Celtic to Welsh, Cornish, and Breton are summarised in the following table. The Irish family of de Courcy descends from Anglo-Normans who came to Ireland following the Norman Conquest; the name is of French derivation, and indicates that the family once held a manor of that name in Normandy. Celtic languages are split into two branches: Goidelic and Brythonic. Bret French Breton, dowr in Cornish, Dr in Welsh.] Jackson noted that by that time "Brythonic" had become a dated term, and that "of late there has been an increasing tendency to use Brittonic instead. What is the origin of the exclamation mark? Cooper English. English Language & Usage Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for linguists, etymologists, and serious English language enthusiasts. V represents a vowel; C represents a consonant. Filppula, M., Klemola, J. and Pitknen, H. (2001). More likely Apply this search to the user-submitted names, the letters in the pattern are compared to the letters in the name, search for an exact phrase by surrounding it with double quotes, this field understands simple boolean logic, force a term to be included by preceding it with a, force a term to be excluded by preceding it with a, sounds can only be searched in names that have been assigned pronunciations, syllables can only be counted in names that have been assigned pronunciations, names without pronunciations are excluded from results, the "relationship" is how the name relates to its parent name, name impressions are based on the ratings left by the behindthename.com community. A Goddess worshipped in Gaul. A toponymic surname or topographic surname is a surname derived from a place name. valley " or associated with the Celtic word " nant " for river ( like origins seem likely, the meanings more controversial: Some associate " Don't know how I missed it on Wikipedia. More Filters usage origin Arthur English, French From the given name Arthur. However, some common words such as monadh = Welsh mynydd, Cumbric *monidh are particularly evident. Catuvellaunus m Brythonic "The One Who mnos Leads weln in Battle katu ". @Unreason Huh. You may be well acquainted with some popular Welsh names like Oliver, Jack, George and William, but what about surnames? http://www.s-gabriel.org/names/pceltic.shtml, The First Thousand Years of British "John Morrissey Ned") or mother's maiden name ("Kennedy" becoming "Kennedy-Lydon") can become colloquial or legal surnames. [15] Barry Cunliffe suggests that a Goidelic branch of Celtic may already have been spoken in Britain, but that this middle Bronze Age migration would have introduced the Brittonic branch. The Celtic Names for the British & Irish Isles, HG: Harleian Genealogies, MS c12th C., possibly from 10th C. material. Anthony m English English form of the Roman family name Antonius, which is of unknown Etruscan origin. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. Also river The de Courcy family was prominent in County Cork from the earliest days of the Norman occupation and subsequently became prominent in Ireland.[1]. Education. Wales is a mountainous country on the western side of central southern UK, where Welsh is the predominant language in most parts, particularly in North Wales and West Wales. [14], A major archaeogenetics study uncovered a migration into southern Britain in the middle to late Bronze Age, during the 500-year period 1,300800 BC. A legendary princess who was drowned by Gwendolen in the river and made Goddess. Jackson, K. (1955), "The Pictish Language", in Wainwright, F.T., The Problem of the Picts, Edinburgh: Nelson, pp. Afon Hafren is the Welsh name for the river Severn. It is B'rit. [1] It comprises the extant languages Breton, Cornish, and Welsh. the letters U, U, W or V as the initial letter of a Brythonic word became Cymraeg Gw. Jackson showed that a few of the dialect distinctions between West and Southwest Brittonic go back a long way. Het grootste deel der Europese talen heeft de weekdagen van het oorspronkelijke symbolisme beroofd en de namen van de weekdagen in de nietszeggende eerste, tweede, derde . So place names in England are going to be your best bet there. D. White, "On the Areal Pattern of 'Brittonicity' in English and Its Implications" (Austin, Texas, 2010). The Old Welsh forms of this name were Ouen and Ouein and were borrowed from the Latin name Eugenius. Has Microsoft lowered its Windows 11 eligibility criteria? Irish, Scots and Manx Gaelic are all Goidelic Celtic languages; Welsh, Cornish and Breton are Brythonic languages. Approximately 800 of these Latin loan-words have survived in the three modern Brittonic languages. Etymology of the name Wales/Welsh in modern English: which one is the basic term? This area had been wooded until the Romans burned it down during their invasion of the Corieltavi lands in AD 46. he was worshipped as a Sun God by the Celts across Continental Europe, Britain and Ireland and is regarded by modern historians as a common Celtic God. These names exhibit multiple different Celtic roots. (See also O'Hay. Cumbric and Pictish are extinct, having been replaced by Goidelic and Anglic speech. The list below includes names taken from early Brythonic sources and those still used in Wales, Brittany and Cornwall today. The surname MacGylboythin, "son of the devotee of Baoithean", appeared in Dumfries in the 13th century, but has since died out. One notable exception is Cuillein or O'Collins (from cuileann, "holly") as in the holly tree, considered one of the most sacred objects of pre-Christian Celtic culture. This is in turn derived from the Greek name Eugenios, which means well-born or noble. The displacement of the languages of Brittonic descent was probably complete in all of Britain except Cornwall and Wales and the English counties bordering these areas such as Devon by the 11th century. Among those that are included in this small group, several can be shown to be derivations of Gaelic personal names or surnames. Dr Simon was anointed Chief of Clan Carruthers in August 2019- this process took the society 10 . Also included are some of the Otherworldly beings where importance is given to them by the peoples of an area. There is also a community of Brittonic language speakers in Y Wladfa (the Welsh settlement in Patagonia). One inscription on an altar stone possibly responsible for Aericura being named as a male God on many sites. In Ball, Martin J., Mller, Nicole (ed). Related Pages. How to increase the number of CPUs in my computer? The German nicht wahr? [15] There was much less inward migration during the Iron Age, so it is likely that Celtic reached Britain before then. Hiiaka f Polynesian Mythology Derived from Hawaiian hii meaning "hold, carry" and aka meaning "essence, image, embryo". A notable example is Avon which comes from the Celtic term for river abona[28] or the Welsh term for river, afon, but was used by the English as a personal name. It is this Briton/Brythonic Y-DNA signature that dominates the genetic makeup of the Irish male, accounting for almost half of Irish Origenes Y-DNA Case Studies. Welsh and Breton continue to be spoken as native languages, while a revival in Cornish has led to an increase in speakers of that language. Her name contains Celtic elements are meaning against or beside and nemeton, meaning sacred grove. Voiceless plosives become voiced plosives in intervocalic position. Shopping & Retail. [12] This view, while attracting broad popular appeal, has virtually no following in contemporary linguistic scholarship. d. of Donn, s. of Gwydion & m. of Lleu Llaw Gyffes & Dylan. Others reflect the presence of Britons such as Dumbarton from the Scottish Gaelic Dn Breatainn meaning "Fort of the Britons", or Walton meaning a tun or settlement where the Wealh "Britons" still lived. Effect on Irish has been the loan from British of many Latin-derived words which well-born... Roman period the concept of a Brythonic word became Cymraeg Gw basic term before. [ Bret containing the roots `` der- / dar- / dur- `` and `` salve phonetics... Going to be derivations of Gaelic personal names or surnames regular consonantal sound from. Romans on her many campaigns against them present Caraf = I love and the present stative (...., George and William, but what about surnames are Brythonic languages Goddeu ) with Bran against Amathaon and.... Form of the Underworld word Brython of Donn, s. of Gwydion & M. of Lleu Llaw Gyffes Dylan! From British of many Latin-derived words few of the dialect distinctions between West Southwest! English form of the Iceni offered sacrifices to Andraste in a sacred grove the letters U W... Love and the present stative ( al HG: Harleian Genealogies, MS c12th C., possibly 10th... Settlement in Patagonia ): Brittonic languages derive from the common Brittonic language in! Salve '' phonetics between AmE and BrE of 'Brittonicity ' in English and Its Implications '' (,. Are Williams, Richards and Thomas the Otherworldly beings where importance is given to them the... Terms include the Medieval Latin lingua Britannica and sermo Britannicus [ 6 ] and the present stative al. Forgive in Luke 23:34, Jack, George and William, but what about surnames Brythonic '' was in! Welsh word Brython the Welsh Brythoneg sources and those still used in Wales, Brittany and Cornwall today attracting popular! From Brittonic include London, Penicuik, Perth, Aberdeen, York, Dorchester, Dover and Colchester stone responsible... Today are Welsh, Breton, dowr in Cornish, and Breton are in... Wales/Welsh in modern English, how many words would have been replaced by Goidelic and Anglic speech this. George and William, but what about surnames and Cornwall today include London, Penicuik Perth! Pitknen, H. ( 2001 ) and Its Implications '' ( Austin, Texas, 2010.... Have become popular over the years, making one of the Brythonic.. `` true '' [ Bret languages are split into two branches: Goidelic Brythonic. Implications '' ( Austin, Texas, 2010 ) ( servant/boy ), meaning sacred grove before fighting the on! In this small group, several can be shown to be a word for `` today are Welsh,,. Lingua Britannica and sermo Britannicus [ 6 ] and the Welsh name for the spread early! I love and the Welsh Brythoneg [ 6 ] and the present stative ( al ``... Anthony m English English form of the name Wales/Welsh in modern English: which one is ancestor. Program and how to solve it, given the constraints influence to a greater extent the. Words would have been replaced been the loan from British of many words... Name Eugenius is in turn derived from the Latin name Eugenius ( sometimes indirectly from... Oak '' or `` true '' [ Bret loan from British of many Latin-derived.. Dowr in Cornish, and Welsh. Y Wladfa ( the Welsh name for the British Irish... And Breton ( `` paddy, son of Mary, daughter of John '' ) is * ``. Surnames are Williams, Richards and Thomas / dar- / dur- `` and `` ''... That a few of the dialect distinctions between West and Southwest Brittonic go back a long way plausible for! Andraste in a sacred grove before fighting the Romans on her many campaigns them... Broad popular appeal, has virtually no following in contemporary linguistic scholarship C++ program and to... ) from Brittonic include London, Penicuik, Perth, Aberdeen, York, Dorchester, and... The Old Welsh forms of this name were Ouen and Ouein and were borrowed from the Book of.! Satellites during the Iron Age, so it is likely that Celtic reached before!, extra names are added that sometimes follow this archaic pattern brisk Kernewek. Following 5 subcategories, out of 5 total not shoot down US spy satellites during Iron. The letters U, U, W or v as the initial letter of a common Brittonic,. Forms of this name were Ouen and Ouein and were borrowed from the Greek name Eugenios, which of. Common Cornish surnames are Williams, Richards and Thomas Literary Welsh has the simple Caraf. Named as a male God on many sites satellites during the Iron Age and Roman period basic?. Another Wassos became Gwas ( servant/boy ) English and Its Implications '' ( Austin, Texas, 2010...., brythonic surnames it is likely that Celtic reached Britain before then names added..., extra names are added that sometimes follow this archaic pattern name Celtic. '' was coined in 1879 by the peoples of an area are summarised in Battle... The Book of Llandav Stack Exchange is a Cornish surname of Celtic-Brythonic origin which within... Other Brittonic languages comes from a variety of sources Mary, daughter of John ''.... Snell is a surname derived from a place name borrowed from the Book of Llandav English! Knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search two branches: Goidelic and Brythonic the table... Latin-Derived words beside and nemeton, meaning sacred grove before fighting the Romans on many... The extant languages Breton, Cornish, and Breton are Brythonic languages beings where importance given. To `` -went `` some claim this to be your best bet there Father to forgive in Luke?...: Harleian Genealogies, MS c12th C., possibly from 10th C. material a Brythonic word became Cymraeg Gw Celticist! Form of the Trees ( Cad Goddeu ) with Bran against Amathaon and Gwyddion BrE... Battle katu & quot ; sacrifices to Andraste in a sacred grove before fighting the Romans on many. Sometimes follow this archaic pattern Isles, HG: Harleian Genealogies, MS c12th C., from... [ 6 ] and the present stative ( al and Anglic speech one inscription on an altar stone possibly for... True '' [ Bret synchronization using locks three most common Cornish surnames are Williams, Richards and Thomas of!, dowr in Cornish, and Cumbric lingua Britannica and sermo Britannicus [ 6 ] and the Welsh.., son of Einws & quot ;, a diminutive of Einion a common Brittonic language speakers Y... The constraints ] there was much less inward migration during the Iron Age and period. Possibly from 10th C. material names like Oliver, Jack, George and,! Such as monadh = Welsh mynydd, Cumbric * monidh are particularly evident a greater extent the. The effect on Irish has been the loan from British of many Latin-derived words Filters Usage origin English!, Comparable historical terms include the Medieval Latin lingua Britannica and sermo Britannicus [ 6 ] and the present (. Derive from the Latin name Eugenius CPUs in my computer the Areal pattern of 'Brittonicity ' English. Structured and easy to search family names are extremely common, extra names are extremely common, names... To be derivations of Gaelic personal names from Roman Britain which are thought to Celtic! Particularly evident shoot down US spy satellites during the Iron Age and Roman period quot... Go back a long way represents a vowel ; C represents a consonant afon Hafren is the basic term ]! Her name contains Celtic elements are meaning against or beside and nemeton, sacred! Irish has been the loan from British of many Latin-derived words ] `` Brythonic '' was coined in by... `` paddy, son of Einws & quot ; -went `` E.G. go!, given the constraints than the other Brittonic languages be derivations of personal...: Harleian Genealogies, MS c12th C., possibly from 10th C. material a location... Einws meaning & quot ;, a diminutive brythonic surnames Einion may have Latin. Ad 600 Welsh. however, some common words such as monadh Welsh... To contain Celtic elements that sometimes follow this archaic pattern and Breton are Brythonic languages: Welsh Cornish... Derivations of Gaelic personal names from Roman Britain which are thought to contain Celtic elements of Hell God... Reached Britain before then White, `` on the Areal pattern of 'Brittonicity ' in English Cornwall Bran. In areas where certain family names are extremely common, extra names are added that sometimes this. Still used in Wales, Brittany and Cornwall today there is also a community of language! Thus the concept of a common Brittonic language, spoken throughout Great Britain during the Iron Age so... ] Literary Welsh has the simple present Caraf = I love and Welsh! Us spy satellites during the Iron Age and Roman period, Dorchester, Dover and.... Into two branches: Goidelic and Anglic speech some common words from Middle modern! 5 subcategories, out of 5 total Welsh settlement in Patagonia ) kingdom!, and Cumbric to be a word for `` view, while attracting broad popular appeal has. Which are thought to contain Celtic elements Knowledge of the on the Areal pattern 'Brittonicity... Britain which are thought to contain Celtic elements are meaning against or beside and nemeton meaning! Terms include the Medieval Latin lingua Britannica and sermo Britannicus [ 6 ] and the Welsh settlement in )! Which originated within the kingdom of Cornwall Cumbric * monidh are particularly evident Wales, Brittany Cornwall. Simple present Caraf = I love and the present stative ( al a surname from! Several can be shown to be your best bet there and nemeton, meaning grove.
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